35.1 Infectious Diseases

Understand Key Concepts

1. Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of a person's body systems is a

   1. disease.

   2. pathogen.

   3. toxin.

   4. vector.

2. Disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi are known as

   1. antibodies.

   2. antigens.

   3. pathogens.

   4. toxins.

3. What is the germ theory of disease?

4. What do researchers use Koch's postulates to determine?

5. List five types of agents that can produce infectious disease. Give an example of a disease that each specific pathogen may cause.

6. What is a zoonosis?

7. What are some ways by which the spread of disease can be prevented?

Think Critically

8. Infer Why is the fourth step of Koch's postulates necessary to prove that a disease is caused by a specific pathogen?

9. Compare and Contrast In what way are symbiotic organisms that live on or in the human body similar to pathogens that may take up residence? How are they different?

35.2 Defenses Against Infection

Understand Key Concepts

10. The body's most widespread nonspecific defense against pathogens is (are)

    1. tears.

    2. mucus.

    3. saliva.

    4. skin.

11. A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection is known as

    1. the inflammatory response.

    2. active immunity.

    3. cell-mediated immunity.

    4. passive immunity.

12. What are antibodies? Describe their form and function.

13. Describe the roles of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

14. Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

Think Critically

15. Infer Many people become alarmed if they have a slight fever. Why might a slight fever that lasts no more than a few days be beneficial?

16. Compare and Contrast How does the secondary response to an antigen differ from the primary response to an antigen?

35.3 Fighting Infectious Disease

Understand Key Concepts

17. Injecting antibodies from an animal to help prevent a disease from occurring in a human is called

    1. active immunity.

    2. passive immunity.

    3. antibiotic therapy.

    4. vaccination.

18. What is a common goal of researchers who develop antibiotics and antiviral drugs?

    1. to kill bacteria

    2. to prevent infections

    3. to stop pathogens without harming host cells

    4. to kill viruses

19. Who discovered the first antibiotic and how did he discover it?

20. Explain two ways that public health has influenced the prevention of infectious disease.

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