Credits

Staff Credits

Jennifer Angel, Amy C. Austin, Laura Baselice, Neil Benjamin, Peggy Bliss, Diane Braff, Daniel Clem, Glen Dixon, Alicia Franke, Julia Gecha, Ellen Granter, Anne Jones, Stephanie Keep, Beth Kun, George Lychock, Ranida Touranont McKneally, Anne McLaughlin, Rich McMahon, Laura Morgenthau, Debbie Munson, Deborah Nicholls, Michelle Reyes, Rashid Ross, Laurel Smith, Lisa Smith-Ruvalcaba, Ted Smykal, Amanda M. Watters, Berkley Wilson

Additional Credits

Bryan Cholfin, Lisa Furtado Clark, Sharon Donahue, Amy Hamel, Courtenay Kelley, Hilary L. Maybaum, Anakin S. Michele, Jan Van Aarsen, Rachel Youdelman

Front Cover, Spine, and Title Page: ©Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis. Back Cover: ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures.

(For credits for custom pages, refer to copyright page.) iii: Stew Milne. vi: L, Courtesy of Grant Wiggins; R, Jen-Yi Wu. ix: T, ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures; B, Piotr Naskrecki, Minden Pictures. x: ©Ed Rescheke/Peter Arnold, Inc. xi: Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc. xii: T, Colin Keates/DK Images; B, Colin Keates ©Dorling Kindersley, Courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London. xiii: TR, Southhampton General Hospital/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; B, Bkgrnd, ©Neil Lucas/npl/Minden Pictures; BL, ©Georgette Douwma/Getty Images; ML, ©Peter Chadwick/DK Images. xiv: T, ©Ben Twist/istockphoto.com; B, ©Nature Picture Library/Alamy. xv: L, ©Ingo Arndt, MINDEN PICTURES; R, ©Nigel J. Dennis; Gallo Images/CORBIS. xix: ©Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures. xxi: Courtesy of Beng Chiak Tan. xxii: Stew Milne. 1: ©Keren Su/CORBIS. 2–3: ©Steve Wursta/Photopress Washington/Corbis. 3: TR, Comstock/Jupiter Images. 4: B, Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures/Getty Images; ©Photopress Washington/Corbis Sygma. 5: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 6–7: Michael Melford/National Geographic/Getty Images. 8: Bkgrnd, Michael Melford/NationalGeographic/Getty Images; Inset, Comstock/Jupiter Images. 10: ©Photopress Washington/Corbis Sygma. 11: B, Ron Chapple Stock/PhotoLibrary; T, Comstock/Jupiter Images. 12: Dani Yeske/Peter Arnold. 14: Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers, Inc. 15: Romeo Gocad/AFP/Getty Images. 16: RM, ©SuperStock, Inc.; L, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; R, ©fStop/SuperStock; LM, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock. 17: B, Masa Ushioda/Image Quest Marine; T, ©Photopress Washington/Corbis Sygma. 18–19: Bkgrnd, Martin Rugner/Age Fotostock. 18: BR, Cathy Keifer/Shutterstock; BL, Dwight Kuhn. 19: T, John Marshall/Corbis; BL, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; BR, ©G. Thomas Bishop/Custom Medical Stock; Lower M, Dwight Kuhn; Upper M, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. 21: T, Comstock/Jupiter Images; B, Klein/Peter Arnold, Inc. 22–23: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 23: Lower M, Michael Nichols/National Geographic/Getty Images; B, Tek Image/Photo Researchers, Inc.; T, Jim Richardson/Corbis; Upper M, Joseph Nettis/Photo Researchers, Inc. 24: B, Daniel J. Cox/Corbis. 25: Brand X/Jupiter Images. 28: ©Anthony Bannister/Corbis. 29: Comstock/Jupiter Images. 32–33: Image by ©Hans Strand/CORBIS. 33: TR, Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 34: Image by ©Hans Strand/CORBIS. 35: Mediacolors/Alamy. 37: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 38: M, Ingo Arndt/FotoNatura/Minden Pictures; R, Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.; L, Martin Harvey/Corbis. 39: R, Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy; L, Courtesy, Draper Labs. 40: Image by ©Hans Strand/CORBIS. 41: T, Piet Munsterman/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures; B, ©Richard Megna/Fundamental Photos. 42: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 43: B, ©Noam Armonn/istockphoto.com; MB, ©fanelie rosier/istockphoto.com; MT, ©Milos Luzanin/istockphoto.com; T, ©Nancy Louie/istockphoto.com. 45: Image by ©Hans Strand/CORBIS. 47: Michael Rosenfeld/Getty Images. 50: Image by ©Hans Strand/CORBIS. 53: TR, Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; L, Thomas A. Steitz, Howard Hughes Medial Institute, Yale University. 57: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 61: ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures. 62–63: Stan Osolinski/Oxford Scientific/Jupiter Images. 63: TR, ©Jeff Rotman/www.jeffrotman.com. 64: BL, Tim Graham/Getty Images; BM, Arnold Streifengnu Shah/Peter Arnold Inc.; BR, Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott/Minden Pictures; T, Stan Osolinski/Oxford Scientific/Jupiter Images. 65: R, NASA; L, Dmitri Kessel/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; M, Planetary Visions Ltd./Photo Researchers, Inc. 67: ©Jeff Rotman/www.jeffrotman.com. 68: Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures. 69: B, Piotr Naskrecki, Minden Pictures; T, Stan Osolinski/Oxford Scientific/Jupiter Images. 70: L, Vincenzo Lombardo/Photodisc/Getty Images; R, IFREMER French Research Institute for Exploration of the Sea. 71: TR, Pete Oxford/MINDEN PICTURES/Getty Images; TL, Kevin Schafer/Peter Arnold; RM, Roy Toft/National Geographic Creative/Getty Images; BR, Devon Graham/Project Amazonas, Inc.; BL, Wolfgang Kaehler/Alamy; Bkgrnd, Will & Deni McIntyre/Stone/Getty Images; ML, Carol Farneti Foster/Oxford Scientific/PhotoLibrary. 72: B, ©Jeff Rotman/www.jeffrotman.com; T, Woodt Stock/Alamy. 73: T, Stan Osolinski/Oxford Scientific/Jupiter Images. 76: ©Jeff Rotman/www.jeffrotman.com. 79: Stan Osolinski/Oxford Scientific/Jupiter Images. 80: TL, Joel Sartore/Getty Images; Upper MR, NASA; Lower MR, Kalish Dimaggio/Flirt Collection/PhotoLibrary; BL, Jim Wark/Peter Arnold; TR, Image Source/PhotoLibrary; Upper ML, Francesco Ruggeri/Getty Images; Lower ML, Adrian Dorst/Peter Arnold; BR, Corbis/PhotoLibrary. 82: Jeff Foott/Discovery Channel Image/Getty Images. 84: ©Jeff Rotman/Jeffrotman.com. 87: T, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, The Sea/WIFS Project and GeoEye, Scientific Visualization Studio; B, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Scientific Visualization Studio. 91: ©Jeff Rotman/www.jeffrotman.com. 94–95: Anup Shah/npl/Minden Pictures. 95: T, ©George McCarthy/Nature Picture Library. 96: R, ©NOAA/ZUMA/Corbis; L, Anup Shah/npl/Minden Pictures. 99: Anup Shah/npl/Minden Pictures. 100: ©Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures. 102: ©Cyril Ruoso/Minden Pictures. 103: T, ©George McCarthy/Nature Picture Library; B, ©Hal Beral/Corbis. 104: B, ©Todd Pusser/Nature Picture Library; T, ©Mark Taylor/Nature Picture Library. 105: ©Stan Tekiela. 106: Anup Shah/npl/Minden Pictures. 108: T, Orlando Carrasquillo, El Yunque National Forest, Ecosystem Management Team; B, Orlando Carrasquillo, El Yunque National Forest, Ecosystem Management Team. 109: Inset, L, ©Macduff Everton/CORBIS; B, ©Hallmark Institute/Photolibrary Group; Inset, R, ©Reuters/CORBIS; T, ©Gary Braasch/CORBIS. 110: Anup Shah/npl/Minden Pictures. 112: T, Juan Carlos Muñoz/AGE Fotostock; M, ©Staffan Widstrand/Nature Picture Library; B, ©Michele Burgess/SuperStock. 113: T, ©Darrell Gulin/CORBIS; M, ©Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures; B, ©Debra Behr/Alamy. 114: T, ©Natural Selection Jerry Whaley/Design Pics/Corbis; M, ©Stuart Westmorland/CORBIS; B, ©age fotostock/SuperStock. 115: ©2008 Jim D. Barr/AlaskaStock.com. 116: T, ©George McCarthy/Nature Picture Library; B, Thomas Mangelsen/Minden Pictures. 117: B, ©Corbis/SuperStock; T, Anup Shah/npl/Minden Pictures. 118: BL, ©Pacific Stock/SuperStock; BM, David Noton/Nature Picture Library; BR, Philippe Clement/Nature Picture Library; T, ©George McCarthy/Nature Picture Library. 119: L, ©MICHAEL GADOMSKI/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes; RM, ©Cindy Ruggieri; R, ©age fotostock/SuperStock; MR, ©GORDON & CATHY ILLG/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes. 121: Dante Fenolio/Photo Researchers, Inc. 124: ©Anthony Bannister; Gallo Images/CORBIS. 125: ©George McCarthy/Nature Picture Library. 128–129: ©Jean-Paul Ferrero/Auscape/Minden Pictures. 129: TR, Eric Wanders/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures. 130: T, ©Jean-Paul Ferrero/Auscape/Minden Pictures; B, Agricultural Research Service, USDA/Stephen Ausmus. 131: T, ©Photographers Choice RF/SuperStock; M, Copyright ©JOHNNY JOHNSON/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; B, ©Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures. 132: Eric Wanders/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures. 133: T, ©SciMAT/Photo Researchers, Inc.; B, ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures. 134: ©Ingo Arndt/Minden Pictures. 136: B, I-R/S/GRANT HEILMAN PHOTOGRAPHY, INC; TL, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; TR, ©fStop/SuperStock; TML, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; TMR, ©SuperStock, Inc. 137: B, ©Joke Stuurman-Huitema/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures; T, ©Jean-Paul Ferrero/Auscape/Minden Pictures. 138: ©John Conrad/CORBIS. 139: B, ©WILDLIFE/Peter Arnold Inc.; T, ©D. Robert & Lorri Franz/CORBIS. 140: T, ©Les Stocker/Photolibrary Group; B, Eric Wanders/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures. 141: ©(AP Photo/Xinhua Photo, Jiang Yi. 142: ©Jean-Paul Ferrero/Auscape/Minden Pictures. 143: T, FOTOGRAF/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc.; B, FOTOGRAF/Still Pictures/Peter Arnold, Inc. 145: ©image100/Photolibrary. 147: R, ©(AP Photo/Xinhua Photo, Jiang Yi; L, ©Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures. 149: Eric Wanders/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures. 152–153: NASA/NSSDC. 153: TR, ©SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo. 154: ML, ©SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo; BL, ©Douglas Peebles/eStockPhoto; BR, ©Douglas Peebles/eStockPhoto; TL, NASA/NSSDC. 155: Patrick Bennett/Superstock. 156: Inset, ©The Wetlands Initiative Archives; Bkgrnd, By Gary Sullivan, The Wetlands Initiative. 157: T, ©Maurizio Borgese/Hemis/Corbis; B, ©Bobby Model/Getty Images. 158: B, ©AP Photo; T, NASA/NSSDC. 159: ©SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo. 160: ©Jim Richardson/CORBIS. 162: Bkgrnd, ©Maxphotos/Newscom; Inset, ©Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS. 163: ©Jason Lee/Reuters Pictures. 164: Inset, ©Adam Hart-Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Bkgrnd, ©Superstock. 166: B, ©AP Photo/Penn State University, S. Blair Hedges); T, NASA/NSSDC. 167: BM, ©(c) Noel Hendrickson/GETTY IMAGES; Bkgrnd, ©Marcos G. Meider/Superstock; BL, ©Paolo Aguilar/epa/Corbis. 168: T, ©SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo; B, ©Creatas/Photolibrary Group. 169: B, ©SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo; T, MARIANA BAZO/Reuters/Landov LLC. 170: ©Katherine Feng/Globio/Minden Pictures. 171: ©Barbara Walton/epa/Corbis. 173: NASA/NSSDC. 175: T, Images by Greg Shirah, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio; B, ©Jerry Mason/Photo Researchers, Inc. 176: T, ©Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS; B, BRIAN J. SKERRY/National Geographic Image Collection. 177: ©Armin Rose/Shutterstock. 178: ©Sumio Harada/Minden Pictures. 179: Inset, T, ©UPPA/Photoshot/Newscom; Inset, Lower, ©Realimage/Alamy; Bkgrnd, Charmagne Leung/California Academy of Sciences. 181: Patrick Bennett/Superstock. 183: ©SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo. 187: ©Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./CORBIS. 188–189: Dr. Robert Berdan. 189: TR, ©simple stock shots/Age Fotostock. 190: B,; T, Dr. Robert Berdan. 191: T, ©Grafissimo/iStockphoto.com; B, ©Dwight Kuhn; T, istockphoto.com. 192: TL, Courtesy Hitachi High-Technologies; BL, Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; BR, SciMAT/Photo Researchers, Inc.; BM, Dr. Gopal Murti/Photo Researchers, Inc. 193: ©simple stock shots/Age Fotostock.195: Courtesy, Dr. Tanasa Osborne. 196: T, Dr. Robert Berdan. 198: L, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; R, Eric Grave/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. 199: T, Dr. Torsten Wittmann/Photo Researchers, Inc; B, Omikron/Photo Researchers, Inc. 202: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. 204: Science Photo Library/Custom Medical Stock Photo. 208: BL, ©simple stock shots/Age Fotostock; TR, Vince Streano/Stone/Getty Images; T, Dr. Robert Berdan. 213: NIBSC/Photo Researchers, Inc. 214: B, Volker Steger/Christian Bardele/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; T, Dr. Robert Berdan. 215: R, Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; L, Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold. 217: Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc. 221: Alan Bailey/Rubberball/Getty Images. 224–225: Perennou Nuridsany/Photo Researchers, Inc. 225: TR, Watering can (earthenware), English School, (16th century)/©Museum of London, UK,/The Bridgeman Art Library International. 226: Perennou Nuridsany/Photo Researchers, Inc. 228: R, Anup Shah/Minden Pictures; L, Watering can (earthenware), English School, (16th century)/©Museum of London, UK,/The Bridgeman Art Library International. 229: TL, The Granger Collection, New York; BL, American Chemical Society; ML, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; MR, Imperial College London; R, James Barber, The Royal Society. 230: Perennou Nuridsany/Photo Researchers, Inc. 231: Andy Small/GAP Photos/Getty Images. 232: Watering can (earthenware), English School, (16th century)/©Museum of London, UK,/The Bridgeman Art Library International. 235: B, Doable/A. Collection/Getty Images; Perennou Nuridsany/Photo Researchers, Inc. 236: Imagewerks/Getty Images. 239: Watering can (earthenware), English School, (16th century)/©Museum of London, UK,/The Bridgeman Art Library International. 241: Richard Cummins/Corbis. 243: Imagewerks/Getty Images. 244: John T. Fowler/Alamy. 245: Watering can (earthenware), English School, (16th century)/©Museum of London, UK,/The Bridgeman Art Library International. 248–249: Professor Pietro M. Motta/Photo Researchers, Inc. 249: T, Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 250: Professor Pietro M. Motta/Photo Researchers, Inc. 251: Stock Food Creative/Getty Images. 252: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 254: R, City of London Libraries and Guildhall Art Gallery/Heritage Images; L, Professor Pietro M. Motta/Photo Researchers, Inc. 256: Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures. 261: B, Photos. Inc/Jupiter Images; TML, ©SuperStock, Inc.; TL, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; TR, ©fStop/SuperStock; TMR, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock. 262: Professor Pietro M. Motta/Photo Researchers, Inc. 264: Brand X Pictures/Photo Library. 265: T, Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; B, Matthias Breiter/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 267: Brand X Pictures/Photo Library. 269: Michael Nolan/Peter Arnold. 272–273: ©Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. 273: TR, ©Joe McDonald/CORBIS. 274: R, Art Wolfe/Photo Researchers, Inc.; L, (c) Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. 277: L, ©CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.; R, Ed Reschke/PhotoLibrary Group, Inc.; M, ©Oxford Scientific Films/Photolibrary. 278: BL, ©Martin Paul Ltd. Inc./Index Stock Imagery; BR, ©Ingram Publishing/Index Stock Imagery; T, ©Joe McDonald/CORBIS. 279: (c) Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. 283: ©Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. 284: BL, ©DR GOPAL MURTI/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Photo Researchers; BR, Wood/Custom Medical Stock Photo; TL, ©Joe McDonald/CORBIS. 285: T, ©Ed Rescheke/Peter Arnold, Inc; RT, ©Ed Rescheke/Peter Arnold, Inc; RB, ©Ed Rescheke/Peter Arnold, Inc; B, ©Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; BL, ©Ed Rescheke/Peter Arnold, Inc; TL, ©Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc. 286: (c) Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. 287: BL, ©Paul Aresu/Getty Images; BR, ©Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers, Inc.; T, ©Joe McDonald/CORBIS. 288: L, National Institutes of Health; R, Paul Martin/Wellcome Images. 291: TR, ©Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; BR, ©Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; BL, ©Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics; TL, Hiroya Minakuchi/Minden Pictures. 292: BL, ©Scientifica/Visuals Unlimited; BML, Professor Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin; BMR, ©John Durham/Photo Researchers, Inc.; BR, Neil Fletcher ©Dorling Kindersley; TL, ©Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Inc. 294: ©Joe McDonald/CORBIS. 298: ©Educational Images Ltd./Custom Medical Stock Photo. 301: ©Joe McDonald/CORBIS. 305: BSIP LAURENT/PhotoResearchers Inc. 306–307: ©Biosphoto/Labat J.-M. & Rouquette F./Peter Arnold Inc. 307: RT, blickwinkel/Alamy. 308: B, ©Bettmann/CORBIS; T, ©Biosphoto/Labat J.-M. & Rouquette F./Peter Arnold Inc. 310: blickwinkel/Alamy. 313: RB, Brand X/Jupiter Images; T, ©Biosphoto/Labat J.-M. & Rouquette F./Peter Arnold Inc. 318: Maximilian Weinzier/Alamy. 319: BL, Christopher Burrows/Alamy; BL, Christopher Burrows/Alamy; BL, Cubo Images/Alamy; TL, ©Biosphoto/Labat J.-M. & Rouquette F./Peter Arnold Inc. 320: blickwinkel/Alamy. 321: L, Stepan Bartos/Photo Researchers, Inc.; R, Stepan Bartos/Photo Researchers, Inc. 322: Photo courtesy Sofia Cleland. 323: ©Biosphoto/Labat J.-M. & Rouquette F./Peter Arnold Inc. 329: blickwinkel/Alamy. 333: R, blickwinkel/Alamy; L, Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures. 336–337: Charles C. Benton/Kite Aerial Photography. 337: TR, ©Pearson Education. Photo by Heather Wright; BR, ©aliciahh/istockphoto.com. 338: Charles C. Benton/Kite Aerial Photography. 340: Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc. 344: M, ©Pearson Education. Photo by Heather Wright; B, ©aliciahh/istockphoto.com; T, Charles C. Benton/Kite Aerial Photography. 346: Bkgrnd, by Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London; R, Courtesy Ava Helen & Linus Pauling Papers/Special Collections/Oregon State University; M, With permission of the University Archives, Columbia University in the City of New York. 347: Bkgrnd, A. Barrington Brown/Photo Researchers, Inc.; RT, Kenneth Eward/BioGrafx/Photo Researchers, Inc.; RB, ©aliciahh/istockphoto.com; TM, Wellcome Library, London. RM, ©Pearson Education. Photo by Heather Wright. 349: ML, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; M, ©arlindo71/istockphoto.com; BL, ©GlobalP/istockphoto.com; BR, Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, February 15, 2001, Volume 409, Number 6822. Copyright ©2001. 350: Charles C. Benton/Kite Aerial Photography. 351: T, ©Pearson Education. Photo by Heather Wright; M, ©aliciahh/istockphoto.com; B, ©Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. 352: Dr. Hesed Padilla-Nash/National Cancer Institute. 355: Courtesy Ava Helen & Linus Pauling Papers/Special Collections/Oregon State University. 357: T, ©Pearson Education. Photo by Heather Wright; B, ©aliciahh/istockphoto.com. 360–361: Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures. 361: TR, EYE OF SCIENCE/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 362: Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures. 366: Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures. 369: ©MRC Lab of Molecular Biology. Wellcome Images. 370: EYE OF SCIENCE/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 372: BL, ©Bob Gibbons/Photo Researchers, Inc.; T, Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures; BR, Tony Camacho/Photo Researchers, Inc. 375: B, ©Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 376: ©travismanley/istockphoto.com. 377: B, G. Murti/Photo Researchers, Inc.; T, Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures. 379: EYE OF SCIENCE/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 381: Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc. 382: EYE OF SCIENCE/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 383: T, ©Randy M. Ury/CORBIS; M, ©BRECK P. KENT/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes; B, ©Randy M. Ury/Corbis. 387: EYE OF SCIENCE/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. 390–391: Digital Vision. 391: TR, ©Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited. 392: T, Digital Vision; B, CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc. 393: Image Source/Getty Images. 394: CMCD Visual Symbols Library/drr.net. 395: T, ©Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited; B, ©Pearson. 396: Dave King ©Dorling Kindersley. 398: Digital Vision. 399: ©Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited. 402: B, Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; TMR, ©SuperStock, Inc.; TML, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock; TR, ©fStop/SuperStock; TL, ©Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock. 403: B, Barry Rosenthal/Getty Images; T, Digital Vision. 407: T, ©Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited; Lower BL, ©arlindo71/istockphoto.com; BM, Kenneth Eward/BioGrafx/Photo Researchers, Inc.; BR, PR NEWSWIRE; Upper BL, Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. 408: R, Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, February 15, 2001, Volume 409, Number 6822. Copyright ©2001; L, From Science, Volume 291, No. 5507, February 16 2001. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Image ©Ann Cutting. 410: AP Images. 412: PHANIE/Photo Researchers, Inc. 413: ©Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited. 416–417: Gyeongsang National University/HO/epa/Corbis. 417: TR, ©David Parker/Photo Researchers, Inc. 418: TR, Thinkstock/Jupiter Images; B, Corbis Royalty Free/Jupiter Images. 419: Jim Strawser/Alamy. 420: Jose F. Poblete/Corbis. 421: M, Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

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