Biosphere, 21, 64. See also Ecology; Ecosystems
Biotechnology, 23, 419, 436–439. See also Genetic engineering
Biotic factors, 66–67, 100
Bipedal locomotion, 767
Bird flu, 591, 1013, 1023
Birds
behavioral isolation in, 495
brains of, 811
digestion in, 785
evolution of, 520, 547, 762–763
excretion in, 797
imprinting in, 844–845
learned behavior in, 842
lungs of, 790
and migration, 813, 847
and natural selection, 472–473, 489, 496–497
and resource sharing, 101
temperature control in, 829–830
Birthrate, 132, 142–143
Bisphenol-A (BPA), 16
Bivalves, 815
Blade of leaf, 680
Blastocyst, 294, 996
Blastopore, 739
Blastula, 272–273, 739
Blood, 42, 954–956. See also Circulatory system, human
carbon dioxide removal from, 50, 52
cell formation, 922–923
clotting, 955
flukes, 820
groups, 394
and kidneys, 884, 886–887
pH of, 4
pressure, 887, 953, 959
red blood cells, 954–955
transfusions, 956
types, 320, 956
vessels, 952–953
white blood cells, 955
B lymphocytes, 955, 1016–1017
Body cavity, 738
Body plans of animals, 737–741
Body temperature, 828–830, 866, 935, 937, 987
Bolus, 876
Bonds, chemical, 36–38
Bone marrow, 924
Bones, 922, 924–925
Bony fishes, 760
Boreal forests, 114
Botanical illustrator, 655
Bottleneck effect, 490
Botulism, 586
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 573, 1023
Bowman's capsule, 884
Brain, human, 901–905
Brains, 810–811
Brain stem, 903
Bread mold, 620–621
Breathing, 966–967
Breeding
Bronchi, 964
Bronchioles, 964
Bronchitis, 968
Brown algae, 527, 602, 604, 611
Bryophytes, 641–642
Bt toxin, 428
Buds of plant, 675
Buffers, 44
Bulbourethral gland, 990
Bulk transport, 213
Burbank, Luther, 419
Burgess Shale, 753
Bursae, 927
Bursitis, 927
C
C. elegans, 293–294, 381
Caecilians, 761
Calcitonin, 985
Calcium, 82, 925, 985
Calcium ions (Ca2+), 931
Calcium phosphate, 872
Calorie, 250, 868
Calvin, Melvin, 229, 238
Calvin cycle, 238–239
Cambium, 677–679
Cambrian Explosion, 753, 758–759
Cambrian Period, 542, 543, 560
Camouflage, 113–114
CAM plants, 241
Cancer, 289–290
Canines, 785
Canopy, 112
Capillaries, 788, 792, 952, 964–966
Capillary action, 41, 686
Capsid, 575
Carbohydrates, 46–47, 250–251, 869
Carbon, 35, 45
Carbon credits, 171
Carbon cycle, 82–83
Carbon dating, 541
Carbon dioxide
atmospheric, 164, 169, 178
in blood, 52
and breathing, 966–967
and cellular respiration, 253
and climate, 545
and nutrient cycles, 82–83
and photosynthesis, 239, 241, 253
removal from bloodstream, 50, 52
Carbonic anhydrase, 52
Carboniferous Period, 543, 561, 761–762
Carbon monoxide, 968
Cardiac muscle, 928–929
Carnivores, 71, 782, 785–786
Carpels, 697
Carrying capacity
of biosphere, 155
of species, 135
Cartilage, 757, 924–925
Casparian strip, 672–673
Catalysts, 52
Cell, 20, 191, 862
active transport, 212–213, 227
animal, 203, 206–207, 211, 215
artificial, 435
B and T, 955, 957, 1016–1019
beta, 984
Casparian strip, 672–673
cell membranes, 193, 203–204, 209–213
cell plate, 284
cell stains, 191
cell theory, 191
companion, 666
daughter, 276, 280, 325, 327–328
diploid and haploid, 323–328
discovery of, 190–191
elongation of, 709
flame, 796
and food molecules, 250
glial, 863
in ground tissue of plants, 667
guard, 682–683
and homeostasis, 214–217
human, 392–393, 862
mast, 1014
in meristems, 667–668
and microscopes, 190–192
migration, 997
multipotent, 295
mutations of, 375
organelles, 196, 198–202
passive transport, 209–211