plant, 203, 206–207, 211, 215
plasma, 1017
pluripotent, 294
red blood, 954–955
RNA synthesis in, 364–365
size of, 193, 274–276
in skin, 936
specialization of, 215, 380
stem, 294–297
structure of, 196–207
target, 709, 978
totipotent, 294
tumors, 289
and viruses, 579
walls of, 203
white blood, 955
Cell body, neuron, 897
Cell cycle, 280–282
Cell differentiation, 215, 292–297, 380–381
Cell division, 191, 274–290. See also Cell cycle; Meiosis
and cancer, 290
and cell size, 274–276
and chromosomes, 279–280, 282–283
controls on, 286–288
cytokinesis, 282, 284
defined, 276
and interphase, 281
mitosis, 282–285, 328
and reproduction, 277–278
Cell-mediated immunity, 1018–1019
Cellular junctions, 217
Cellular respiration, 250–260
aerobic and anaerobic, 252, 260
in animals, 787–790
defined, 251
efficiency of, 256
and electron transport, 258
and exercise, 265
glycolysis, 252, 254–255
Krebs cycle, 252, 256–260
overview of, 251–252
and photosynthesis, 253
stages of, 251
Cellulase, 614
Cellulose, 47, 869
Cenozoic Era, 563, 764
Centipedes, 755
Central nervous system, 896, 901–904
Centrioles, 199, 282
Centromere, 282
Cephalization, 740, 810–811
Cephalopods, 810
Cerebellum, 811, 903
Cerebral cortex, 902
Cerebral ganglia, 810–811
Cerebrum, 765, 811, 902
Cervix, 995
Chargaff, Erwin, 344, 348–349
Chase, Martha, 340–341, 349
Chemical digestion, 785, 875–878
Chemical reactions, 50–51, 80
Chemiosmosis, 237, 258
Chemistry of life, 34–53
Chemoreceptors, 910
Chemosynthesis, 70
Chemosynthetic organisms, 117, 121
Chemotherapy, 290
Chesapeake Bay, 119
Chicken pox, 588
Childbirth, 1000
Chitin, 618, 815
Chlamydia, 994
Chlamydomonas, 640
Chlorine, 35, 37
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 175
Chlorophyll, 202, 230–232
Chloroplasts, 202, 231, 557
Choanoflagellates, 752
Cholesterol, 319, 959–961, 980
Chordata, 513, 731
Chordates, 730, 788. See also Invertebrates; Vertebrates
adaptations in, 758–759, 761–762, 825
cladogram of, 758–763
embryological development in, 739
evolution of, 757–764, 792
fertilization in, 821–822
nonvertebrate, 731, 758, 811, 813, 822
reproductive diversity in, 824–826
sense organs, 813
Chorion, 825, 998
Christy, Henry, 773
Chromatid, 282
Chromatin, 197, 280, 352
Chromosomes, 197, 279–280
artificial, 424
autosomal, 393
and cell division, 282–283
chromosomal mutations, 372, 374–375
disorders of, 401
eukaryotic, 280, 343, 352–353
and gene linkage, 328–329
homologous, 323–325, 327
human, 392–397
karyotypes, 392–393
and polyploid plants, 376, 420
polyploidy, 376
prokaryotic, 279
sex, 393
telomeres, 352
X and Y chromosomes, 393–396, 401, 434
Chyme, 877, 880
Cilia, 199, 607, 964
Ciliates, 607
Circadian rhythms, 847
Circulatory system, human, 734, 948–953
Circulatory systems, animal, 734, 791–793, 864
Citric acid cycle, 256
Clades, 516–520, 546–547, 763
Cladograms, 517–520
Class, 514
Classical conditioning, 843
Classification, 510–528