Genes, 18, 310
alleles of, 310, 482
and behavior, 841
and cancers, 289
and chromosomes, 323
as derived characters, 521
and DNA, 340–341
and DNA microarrays, 432
gene duplication, 499–500
gene expression, 370–371, 377–383, 980
gene families, 500
gene pools, 483, 490
gene regulation, 377–383
gene therapy, 431
homeobox, 382
homeotic, 382
homologous, 471
Hox, 382, 471, 500–501
identifying, 406
lateral gene transfer, 485
linkage, 328–329
mapping, 328–329
MC1R, 394
mutations of, 372–376, 484
and phenotypes, 485–486
and proteins, 370
sex-linked, 395
Ubx, 501
Genetic engineering, 418–439
in agriculture and industry, 428–429
ethics of, 438–439
in health and medicine, 430–432
personal identification, 433–434
and privacy, 402, 436–437
recombinant DNA, 421–425
and safety, 437–438
selective breeding, 418–420, 716
transgenic organisms, 426–427
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, 402, 409, 437
Genetics, 308–329. See also Alleles; Meiosis
codominance, 319, 394
dominant and recessive alleles, 310–312, 318
genetic code, 366–367, 370, 470
genetic diseases, 947, 961, 973
genetic disorders, 395, 398–401
genetic diversity, 166–168, 820
genetic drift, 490
genetic equilibrium, 491–492
genetic marker, 425
genetic recombination, 484
genetic testing, 402, 431
genetic variation, 419–420, 482–486, 558
incomplete dominance, 319
multiple alleles, 320
principle of dominance, 310, 318
principle of independent assortment, 317–318, 328–329
segregation of alleles, 312, 314, 318
traits, 309, 320
Genital herpes, 994
Genital warts, 994
Genome, human, 392–393, 403–409, 436
Genomics, 23, 407, 435
Genotypes, 315, 321, 397–398, 407, 482
Genus, 511, 516
Geographic isolation, 495, 496
Geological processes, 80
Geologic time scale, 542–543
German measles, 1001
Germination, 706–707
Germ layers, 738
Germ theory of disease, 586, 1010
Gibberellins, 711
Gibson, Daniel G., 435
Gigantism, 982
Gills, 788
Gizzard, 785
Glands, 978–979, 982–987
adrenal, 979, 983
endocrine and exocrine, 979, 984
hypothalamus, 866, 903, 979, 982, 986–987
pancreas, 878, 979, 984
pineal, 979
pituitary, 886, 979, 982–983
reproductive, 985
thymus, 957, 979, 1016
thyroid, 979, 985, 987
Glial cells, 863
Global ecology, 22
Global warming, 177
Globins, 500
Globulins, 954
Glomerulus, 884
Glucagon, 978, 984
Glucose, 46–47, 209, 251, 378, 867
Glycogen, 47
Glycolysis, 252, 254–255, 262
Goiter, 985
Goldstein, Joseph, 960–961
Golgi apparatus, 201
Gonads, 985
Gonorrhea, 994
Gradualism, 549
Grafting, 703
Grana, 231
Grant, Peter and Rosemary, 472–473, 496
Grassland, 112–113
Gravitropism, 712
Gray matter, 902
Great Plains, 158–159
Green algae, 528, 610, 623, 634, 636–640
Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 422
Greenhouse effect, 97, 163–164, 178, 545
Griffith, Frederick, 338–340, 349, 423
Ground tissue, 665, 666, 670, 680
Growth hormone (GH), 982–983
Growth plates, 925
Guanine, 344–345, 348, 366
Guard cells, 682–683
Guerin, Camille, 589
Gullet, 612
Gymnosperms, 646–649
H
Habitat, 99
Habitat fragmentation, 168
Habituation, 842
Hair, 937
Half-life, 540–541
Haploid cells, 323–328
Haploid (N) phase, 637
Haplotypes, 407
Hardy-Weinberg principle, 491
Haversian canals, 924
Hearing, 911
Heart, 791, 793, 949–951
Heartburn, 877
Heart disease, 167, 957–958, 962
Heartwood, 678
Heat
absorption, 122
capacity, 41
greenhouse effect, 97
transport, 98
Helicobacter pylori, 877
Helix, 346
Helmont, Jan van, 225, 229, 245
Helper T cells, 1019, 1026
Hemoglobin, 49, 57, 375, 398, 870, 872, 954, 966
Hepatitis B, 588–589, 994
Herbaceous plants, 653
Herbicides, 428, 438
Herbivores, 71, 783, 785–786
Herbivory, 102, 138–139
Heredity, 20, 308, 318. See also Genetics; Human heredity
Hermaphrodites, 820
Heroin, 904