VISUAL SUMMARY
INNOVATIONS IN VACCINES
FIGURE 20–18 Many vaccines have been developed in the last three centuries. Today, there are vaccines against more than two dozen infectious diseases.
Preventing Viral Diseases In most cases, the best way to protect against most viral diseases lies in prevention, often by the use of vaccines. Some historical milestones in vaccine development are shown in Figure 20–18. Personal hygiene matters, too. Recent studies show that cold and flu viruses are often transmitted by hand-to-mouth contact. Effective ways to help prevent infection include washing your hands frequently, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and coughing or sneezing into a tissue or your sleeve, not into your hands.
Treating Viral Diseases Unlike bacterial diseases, viral diseases cannot be treated with antibiotics. In recent years, however, limited progress has been made in developing a handful of antiviral drugs that attack specific viral enzymes that host cells do not have. These treatments include an antiviral medication that can help speed recovery from the flu virus, and others that have helped prolong the lives of people infected with HIV.
Table of Contents
- Formulas and Equations
- Applying Formulas and Equations
- Mean, Median, and Mode
- Estimation
- Using Measurements in Calculations
- Effects of Measurement Errors
- Accuracy
- Precision
- Comparing Accuracy and Precision
- Significant Figures
- Calculating With Significant Figures
- Scientific Notation
- Calculating With Scientific Notation
- Dimensional Analysis
- Applying Dimensional Analysis