Which domain consists of prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan?
Describe the four kingdoms that make up the domain Eukarya.
What characteristic(s) differentiate the kingdom Fungi from the kingdom Eubacteria?
What do the branches of the tree of life try to show?
Think Critically
Classify In terms of cladistic analysis, what is the problem with placing all members of kingdom Protista into the same clade?
Classify Study the descriptions of the following organisms, and place them in the correct kingdom.
Organism A: Multicellular eukaryote without cell walls
Organism B: Its cell walls lack peptidoglycan, and its cell membranes contain certain lipids that are not found in other organisms. It lives in an extreme environment and can survive only in the absence of oxygen.
Organism C: Unicellular eukaryote with cell walls of chitin
Connecting Concepts
Use Science Graphics
The cladogram below shows the relationships among three imaginary groups of organisms—groups A, B, and C. Use the cladogram to answer questions 34–36.
Interpret Visuals Which groups share derived character 1?
Apply Concepts What does the node, or fork, between groups B and C represent?
Apply Concepts Which group split off from the other groups first?
Write About Science
Explanation Write a short explanation of the way in which taxonomists use similarities and differences in DNA to help classify organisms and infer evolutionary relationships. (Hint: Use a specific example to help clarify your explanation.)
Assess the
Explain what the tree of life is and what its various parts represent. Also explain why the tree of life probably will change. (Hint: When you explain what the various parts represent, use the terms base and branches.)
Analyzing Data
Use the table to answer questions 39–41.
Interpret Tables The first column lists derived characters that can be used to make a cladogram of vertebrates. Which characteristic is shared by the most organisms? Which by the fewest?
Sequence From the information given, place the animals in sequence from the most recently evolved to the most ancient.
Draw Conclusions Of the following pairs—lamprey-turtle, fish-cat, and frog-turtle—which are probably most closely related?
Table of Contents
- Formulas and Equations
- Applying Formulas and Equations
- Mean, Median, and Mode
- Estimation
- Using Measurements in Calculations
- Effects of Measurement Errors
- Accuracy
- Precision
- Comparing Accuracy and Precision
- Significant Figures
- Calculating With Significant Figures
- Scientific Notation
- Calculating With Scientific Notation
- Dimensional Analysis
- Applying Dimensional Analysis