Think Critically

  1. Use Models What part of Miller and Urey's apparatus represents rain? What important role would rain play in chemical evolution?

  2. Relate Cause and Effect How do you think the cells that took in the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts benefited from the relationship?

Connecting Concepts

Use Science Graphics

The diagram shows rock layers in two different places. Use the diagram to answer questions 31 and 32.

The rock layers in two different places.dd

  1. Which fossils are probably older—those in layer A or those in layer C? How do you know?

  2. Which rock layer in location 2 is probably about the same age as layer C in location 1? How do you know?

  3. What are the characteristics of a useful index fossil?

Write About Science

  1. Explanation Write a paragraph comparing conditions on early Earth with those on modern Earth.

  2. Description Use the example of body shape in sharks, dolphins, and penguins to explain convergent evolution.

  3. Assess the Explain how the formation of sedimentary rock gives paleontologists information about the sequence in which life forms appeared on Earth.

  4. Assess the When describing their theory of punctuated equilibrium, Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge often used the motto “stasis is data.” Stasis is another word for equilibrium. Explain what Gould and Eldredge meant.

Analyzing Data

The table below compares the half-life of several radioactive atoms. Use the table to answer questions 38 and 39.

The table compares the half-life of several radioactive atoms.ddd

  1. Interpret Data Which atoms have half-lives that are longer than the age of the oldest microfossils?

    1. uranium-235 only

    2. thorium-232, rubidium-87, and uranium-235

    3. rubidium-87, thorium-232, and uranium-238

    4. uranium-235 and rubidium-87

  2. Apply Concepts Lead-207 is found only in rocks that also contain uranium-235. Analysis of a sample shows that it has three times as many atoms of lead-207 as there are atoms of uranium-235. How many half-lives have passed since this rock formed?

    1. one

    2. two

    3. three

    4. four

End ofPage 568

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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