21.4 Fungi

Understand Key Concepts

  1. Which of the following statements about fungi is false?

    1. All fungi are unicellular.

    2. All fungi have cell walls.

    3. All fungi are eukaryotic.

    4. All fungi are heterotrophs.

  2. A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is a

    1. mycorrhiza.

    2. fruiting body.

    3. lichen.

    4. mushroom.

  3. How are the cell walls of fungi similar to the exoskeleton of insects?

  4. Distinguish between the terms hypha and mycelium.

  5. What is the evolutionary significance of mycorrhizae?

    Think Critically

  1. Compare and Contrast Both fungi and humans are heterotrophs. Compare the way fungi obtain food with the way humans do.

  2. Form a Hypothesis The antibiotic penicillin is a natural secretion of a certain kind of fungus—a green mold called Penicillium. Penicillin kills bacteria. Why do you think a mold species has evolved a way to kill bacteria?

Connecting Concepts

Use Science Graphics

This photograph shows a comparison of lemon tree seedlings grown without mycorrhizae (left) to seedlings of the same age that were grown with mycorrhizae. Use the photograph to answer questions 31–32.

A man holding two different types of roots.

  1. Compare and Contrast Which lemon tree shows more robust growth?

  2. Relate Cause and Effect What is the most likely explanation for the treatment results shown?

Write About Science

  1. Explanation Write a paragraph explaining how fungi either maintain or disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem. Use examples of fungi described in this chapter. (Hint: Create a table to help organize your ideas before you begin writing.)

  2. Assess the Choose one of the protists discussed in this chapter, and explain how the presence and the activity of that organism influence other species.

Analyzing Data

Use the graph below to answer the questions.

A graph shows spread of malaria in different countries during a particular period.d

  1. Interpret Graphs Which statement best describes the trend shown in the graph?

    1. Globally, malaria cases are on the rise.

    2. Malaria cases declined in India during the five-year period shown.

    3. In 2003, Uganda had four times as many malaria cases as did Madagascar.

    4. Annual changes in rainfall explain the patterns seen in the data.

  2. Calculate By about what percentage did the number of malaria cases increase in Uganda between 1999 and 2003?

    1. 50 percent

    2. 100 percent

    3. 300 percent

    4. 1000 percent

End ofPage 630

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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