Photographs of the following are shown: A Raccoon with object in its hand. A three toed Sloth hanging from a branch. A Tree frog chasing its prey. A flying Harris's Hawk.

FIGURE 28–13 Vertebrate Musculoskeletal Systems A great variety of bones, muscle groups, and joints have evolved in vertebrates. For instance, differently shaped bones and muscles form limbs adapted for manipulating objects (raccoons), climbing through trees (sloths), long-distance jumping (frogs), and flying through the air (birds).

28.2 Assessment

Review Key Concepts

    1. Review What body structures generate force? With what other body structure do these structures work to enable movement?

    2. Infer Why are the largest land animals vertebrates?

    1. Review What characteristics are common to the skeletons of all vertebrates?

    2. Form a Hypothesis Suppose that you were to find a vertebrate fossil that showed a joint structure with muscle and tendon relationships similar to that of a squirrel. For which kinds of movement would you predict the animal had been best adapted?

Apply the Big idea

Structure and Function

  1. Create a model of a vertebrate or invertebrate joint. Make sure the muscles are attached to the same skeletal structures they would be attached to in a real animal and that the muscles and skeletal structure allow the joint to bend and flex.

End ofPage 818

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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