1. Form a Hypothesis Bacteria that live on teeth produce an acid that causes decay. Why do people who do not brush their teeth regularly have more cavities than those who do?

  2. Classify A scientist finds a new organism but is unsure to which domain it belongs. The organism is unicellular, has a cell wall containing peptidoglycan, has a circular DNA molecule, and lacks a nucleus. Based on those characteristics, to which domain does it belong?

  3. Compare and Contrast Explain how the outcome of binary fission differs from that of both endospore formation and conjugation.

20.3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses

Understand Key Concepts

  1. Disease-causing organisms are known as

    1. cocci.

    2. bacteria.

    3. pathogens.

    4. archaea.

  2. Which of the following scientists is responsible for developing the germ theory of disease?

    1. Ivanovski

    2. Beijerinck

    3. Pasteur

    4. Darwin

  3. Viruses typically cause disease by

    1. releasing toxins.

    2. infecting and then destroying cells.

    3. causing mutations in the host cell DNA.

    4. destroying red blood cells.

  4. Which of the following can be helpful in treating bacterial diseases but NOT viral diseases?

    1. vaccines.

    2. antibiotics.

    3. antiviral drugs.

    4. aspirin.

  5. What is the best way for people to protect themselves against most viral diseases?

  6. List three different ways bacterial growth can be controlled.

  7. What is meant by the term emerging disease? Give three examples of emerging diseases in North America.

  8. How do misfolded prions cause disease?

solve the CHAPTER MYSTERY

Face of a cow.

THE MAD COWS

The “mad cow” disease that appeared in 1986 in Britain spread quickly among cattle herds. Humans were afflicted by a similar disease, known as nvCJD (new variant Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease), and scores of people died. The disease virtually disappeared when the government banned the practice of using ground-up cattle tissue in protein feed supplements. It now seems clear that “mad cow” and nvCJD were caused by prions in the meat and brain tissue of infected cattle. When these prions entered the food supply, the infection was able to spread to other cattle, and to humans eating meat from infected animals. Officials in Europe and the United States have instituted new controls on meat production to try to prevent further outbreaks of this prion-based disease.

  1. Infer The rapid rise of BSE between 1986 and 1991 ended when British authorities banned the use of meat and bone meal in feed supplements for cattle. How does this support the hypothesis that BSE is caused by prions?

  2. Apply Concepts Why did most scientists conclude that BSE was not caused by either viruses or bacteria?

  3. Connect to the Prions are proteins, not organisms unto themselves. However, they have some lifelike qualities. What characteristics do prions share with cell-based life? Explain.

Misfolded prion protein.

End ofPage 597

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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