Think Critically

  1. Apply Concepts What advantages does the physical removal of infectious microbes by hand washing have over the use of disinfectants? Explain.

  2. Predict Would antibiotics be effective in treating an outbreak of bird flu? Explain.

  3. Biologists conducted an experiment to determine the effectiveness of several antibiotics against a certain strain of bacteria. Four disks, each soaked in a different antibiotic, were placed in a petri dish where the bacteria were growing. The results are summarized below.

    d

    1. Analyze Data Which antibiotics were the least effective at retarding the growth of the bacteria? Explain your answer using data from the experiment.

    2. Infer Which antibiotic might be the most effective treatment for an infection caused by this strain of bacteria? Explain your answer using data from the experiment.

Connecting Concepts

Use Science Graphics

E. coli bacteria can be grown on agar in a petri dish, clouding over the entire surface and forming a bacterial “lawn.” The photograph shows a lawn over which a solution containing bacteriophage particles has been poured.

E.coli bacteria grown on Agar in a petri dish forming a bacterial lawn.

  1. Interpret Visuals What is the most reasonable explanation for the small, circular, clear areas on the bacterial lawn?

  2. Form a Hypothesis Suppose you touched the tip of a glass rod to one of the clear areas and then touched it again to the surface of a petri dish with a fresh lawn of E. coli. What would happen to the new lawn of bacteria after several days?

Write About Science

  1. Explanation Write a science article titled “Bacteria in the Biosphere” for the local newspaper. Explain the environmental roles bacteria play.

  2. Assess the Compare and contrast the reproduction of viruses with that of prokaryotes.

Analyzing Data

The table shows the number of bacteria colonies that grow after a person's treated hand is swabbed with a sterile cotton ball and the cotton ball is rubbed on the surface of a petri dish containing bacterial growth medium. The table compares bacterial growth after treating the hand in five different ways.

  1. Calculate Determine the average number of bacteria colonies for each treatment.

  2. Graph Make a bar graph to show the results of the experiment. Graph the averages you just calculated.

    d

  3. Analyze Data According to the data, what is the most effective method of preventing transfer of bacteria by hand contact?

  4. Draw Conclusions What is the most logical explanation of how alcohol works?

End ofPage 598

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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