1. A concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the anterior end of the body is known as

    1. fertilization.

    2. cephalization.

    3. symmetry.

    4. multicellularity.

  2. Which of the following animals shows radial symmetry?

    1. earthworm

    2. fish

    3. insect

    4. sea anemone

  3. Which germ layer produces the nerves and sense organs of animals?

    1. ectoderm

    2. endoderm

    3. mesoderm

    4. periderm

  4. Most chordates that live on land have

    1. two limbs.

    2. four limbs.

    3. six limbs.

    4. eight limbs.

  5. What is an acoelomate?

  6. Describe the major developmental difference that distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes.

  7. What is a blastula?

  8. List the three germ layers.

  9. Name two body plan characteristics shared by all arthropods and vertebrates.

  10. What is one major advantage of cephalization?

Think Critically

  1. Apply Concepts Why is bilateral symmetry an important development in the evolution of animals?

  2. Sequence Rank the following developments in the order of their appearance during evolution: tissues, deuterostome development, multicellularity, protostome development.

  3. Form a Hypothesis Animals with radial symmetry, such as sea anemones, lack cephalization, while animals with bilateral symmetry have it. State a hypothesis that would explain this observation.

  4. Infer Why is it inaccurate to state that the cladogram of animals shows the improvements in body plans that have occurred over time?

solve the CHAPTER MYSTERY

A slime on thumb nail.

SLIME DAY AT THE BEACH

Although most people had never seen creatures like these before, biologists had no trouble identifying them. They were salps—descendents of the most ancient members of phylum Chordata. Salps belong to a group of chordates called tunicates. As adults, most tunicates live attached to rocks or the seafloor. Salps are unusual among tunicates: The adults are free-swimming. They pump water in through their mouths and out the other end, feeding and propelling themselves through the water at the same time. Salps are usually found in the surface waters of tropical seas, but they can be carried north by the Gulf Stream and are sometimes washed onto beaches by storms.

  1. Compare and Contrast How are salps different from jellyfish?

  2. Connect to the Use the Internet to research salps and other tunicates. Explain why these peculiar-looking animals are classified in the phylum Chordata.

A jellyfish.

End ofPage 747

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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