28.3 Reproduction

Understand Key Concepts

  1. Individual animals that produce both sperm and eggs are called

    1. gametes.

    2. hermaphrodites.

    3. fragments.

    4. buds.

  2. A species that lays eggs that develop outside of the mother's body is

    1. oviparous.

    2. viviparous.

    3. ovoviviparous.

    4. nonviparous.

  3. Which structure in female mammals produces milk to nourish young?

    1. kidney

    2. pupa

    3. mammary gland

    4. placenta

  4. Which of the following are NOT placental mammals?

    1. seals

    2. marsupials

    3. carnivores

    4. primates

  5. Describe the life cycle of a typical cnidarian. Be sure to include the alternation of the polyp form with the medusa form.

  6. Compare and contrast internal and external fertilization.

  7. What survival advantage does the placenta confer on mammals?

Think Critically

  1. Compare and Contrast Describe the differences between a newborn placental mammal and a newborn marsupial.

  2. Infer Many mammals care for their young for extended periods of time. This parental behavior does not help the parent survive. Why, then, might extended parental care have been naturally selected for in these species?

28.4 Homeostasis

Understand Key Concepts

  1. Stable internal conditions are called

  1. homeostasis.

  2. ectothermy.

  3. endothermy.

  4. reactivity.

solve the CHAPTER MYSTERY

A bonnethead.

SHE'S JUST LIKE HER MOTHER!

In May 2007, the researchers published their conclusions. The baby bonnethead had been produced by a process called automictic parthenogenesis, in which the mother's unfertilized egg divides and the resulting elements fuse to make a zygote with two sets of identical chromosomes. (See below.) That is why the baby shark was homozygous for every trait; she had two identical sets of alleles.

This was the first time researchers had seen parthenogenesis in a cartilaginous fish. It has now been observed in insects and, though rarely, in every vertebrate lineage except mammals.

An illustration of fertilization process in a shark.dd

  1. Connect to the Explain why the baby shark was not a clone, or exact genetic copy, of its mother (assuming the mother was conceived by sexual reproduction).

End ofPage 835

Table of Contents

Miller & Levine Biology
About the Authors
Changing the World of Biology Education
Contents
Diversity of Life: A Visual Guide DOL•1–DOL•64
Labs and Activities
Features
UNIT 1 The Nature of Life
1 The Science of Biology
2 The Chemistry of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 2 Ecology
3 The Biosphere
4 Ecosystems and Communities
5 Populations
6 Humans in the Biosphere
Unit Project
UNIT 3 Cells
7 Cell Structure and Function
8 Photosynthesis
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
10 Cell Growth and Division
Unit Project
UNIT 4 Genetics
11 Introduction to Genetics
12 DNA
13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
14 Human Heredity
15 Genetic Engineering
Unit Project
UNIT 5 Evolution
16 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
17 Evolution of Populations
18 Classification
19 History of Life
Unit Project
UNIT 6 From Microorganisms to Plants
20 Viruses and Prokaryotes
21 Protists and Fungi
22 Introduction to Plants
23 Plant Structure and Function
24 Plant Reproduction and Response
Unit Project
UNIT 7 Animals
25 Introduction to Animals
26 Animal Evolution and Diversity
27 Animal Systems I
28 Animal Systems II
29 Animal Behavior
Unit Project
UNIT 8 The Human Body
30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
31 Nervous System
32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
34 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
35 Immune System and Disease
Unit Project
A Visual Guide to The Diversity of Life
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
THE TREE OF LIFE
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Appendices
Appendix A Science Skills
Appendix B Lab Skills
Appendix C Technology & Design
Appendix D Math Skills
Appendix E Periodic Table
Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q, R
S
T
U
V
W
X, Y, Z
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Credits
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