Electron microscopes, 192
Electron transport chain
Elements, 35
Elimination, 875
Embryos, 292
Embryos, human
Embryo sac, 699
Emigration, 132
Emphysema, 968
Endangered species, 169–170
Endocytosis, 212–213
Endosperm, 700–701
Endospore, 583
Endotherm, 829–830
Energy, 20
activation, 51–52
and ATP, 226–227
from autotrophs, 71
and carbohydrates, 46
and cellular respiration, 260
in chemical reactions, 51
from chemosynthesis, 70
and chlorophyll, 230–231
consumers of, 71
ecological pyramids of, 77
in food chains and webs, 73–76
heat, 41
and oxygen, 252
from photosynthesis, 70
producers of, 69–70
in prokaryotes, 582
solar, 97
Environment. See also Adaptations; Ecology; Ecosystems
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 173
Enzymes, 52–54
Epididymis, 989
Epinephrine, 983
Epiphytic plants, 112
Era, geologic, 543
Erythrocytes, 954
Esophagus, 877
Essential amino acids, 870
Essential fatty acids, 870
Estivation, 112
Estuary, 119
Ethylene, 711
Eubacteria, 524–525
Everglades, 119
“Evo-devo,” 500, 737
Evolution, 13, 19, 21, 450. See also Natural selection
adaptive radiation, 550–551
of animals, 742–743
and artificial selection, 457–458
of bacteria and viruses, 591
and classification, 516–522
coevolution, 551–552
convergent, 551
of DNA and RNA, 554–555
of Earth, 544–545
of endothermy, 830
of eukaryotic cells, 556–557
and fossil record, 466–467
and gene pools, 482–483
and genetic drift, 490
and genetic equilibrium, 491–492
hominine, 767–772
and Hox genes, 500–501
of infectious diseases, 23
of insects, 487
of invertebrates, 752–756
macroevolution, 546–547
of mammals, 468
of mitochondria, 557
molecular, 498–501
of nervous systems, 810–811
of organic molecules, 554
of populations, 483–492
of primates, 765–772
of prokaryotic cells, 556–557
of protists, 605
rate of, 549
and sexual reproduction, 558
of vertebrate brains, 811
Excretion, 882
Exercise