and cell differentiation, 292
cells of, 203, 206–
207, 211, 215
characteristics of, 634–635
classification of, 634, 637, 641, 652–653
crop, 428–429, 437–438, 715–717
cytokinesis, 284
diseases of, 622
epiphytic, 112
flowering, 650–654, 696–703
fossils of, 636, 638, 646, 652
fruit of, 651, 704
genetically modified, 428, 430
growth of, 676–679, 687
gymnosperms, 646–648
and herbivory, 102, 138–139, 552
history and evolution of, 636–640, 646, 650
homeostasis in, 682–683, 711
hormones in, 708–714
and humans, 715–718
leaves of, 664, 680–684
life cycle of, 637, 640–642, 644–645, 648–649
life span of, 654
light detection in, 709
and mycorrhizae, 624–625
and nutrients, 160, 671, 687
and photosynthesis, 70, 113, 230–231
polyploidy in, 376, 420
and polysaccharides, 47
roots of, 664, 669–673, 688
and seasonal change, 713–714
seed, 638, 646–649, 664–668, 704–707
seedless, 639–645
stems of, 664, 674–679
temporal isolation in, 495
tissues in, 641, 643–644, 665–668, 670, 680
transgenic, 426, 428, 430
transport in, 635, 641, 666, 672–673, 685–687
tropisms, 712
vacuoles in, 198
and water, 635, 641, 672–673, 685–687
Plaques, 958
Plasma, 954
Plasma cells, 1017
Plasma membrane, 193
Plasmids, 424–425
Plasmodium, 613
Plasmodium, 607, 616–617, 1011
Platelets, 955
Plate tectonics, 544–545
Pleural membranes, 967
Pluripotent cells, 294
Point mutations, 373
Point source pollution, 160
Polar molecules, 40–41
Polar zones, 97
Poliovirus, 588–589
Pollen cone, 648
Pollen grain, 215, 325, 647, 698
Pollen tube, 648, 700
Pollination, 309, 552, 647–648, 651, 700
Pollutants, 160–165, 169
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 161
Polygenic traits, 320, 486, 488–489
Polymeraze chain reaction (PCR), 423
Polymerization, 46
Polymers, 46
Polypeptides, 48, 366
Polyploidy, 376, 420
Polysaccharides, 47, 869
Polyunsaturated fats, 47, 870
Pons, 903
Population geneticist, 322
Population growth, 130–145
Populations, 64
age structure of, 131, 144
alleles in, 483
density of, 131, 138–140
describing, 130–131
distribution of, 131
evolution of, 483–492
frequency of phenotypes in, 485–486, 488–489
and gene pools, 483, 490
and genetic diversity, 820
and genetic drift, 490
and genetic equilibrium, 491–492
geographic range of, 131
overcrowding in, 140
Porifera, 754
Positron emission tomography (PET), 905
Prasher, Douglas, 422
Precambrian Time, 543
Precipitation, 112
Predation, 102, 138–139
Pregnancy, 993
Prehensile tail, 767
Premolars, 785
Pressure-flow hypothesis, 687
Priestly, Jacob, 229
Primary growth, 676
Primary producers, 69
Primary succession, 106–107
Primates, 765–772
Principle of dominance, 310, 318
Principle of independent assortment, 317–318, 328–329
Principles of Geology, 454–455
Prions, 592, 597
Probability, 313–314
Producers, 584
Products, 50
Progesterone, 993
Prokaryotes, 193–194, 197, 523, 580–585. See also Bacteria
archaea, 524, 526, 580–581
asexual reproduction in, 281
cell cycle of, 281
classification of, 580–581
DNA replication in, 352–353
electron transport chain in, 258
evolution of, 556–557
in food production, 263
gene regulation in, 377–378
microfossils of, 555
mutations in, 583
photosynthetic, 584
prokaryotic chromosomes, 279
reproduction in, 583
structure and function of, 582–585
transcription in, 364
unicellular, 214, 525–526
Prolactin, 983, 1000
Promoters, 365
Prophage, 577
Prostaglandins, 980
Prostate gland, 990
Proteinoid microspheres, 554
Proteins, 48–49, 870
cell production of, 200–201
collagen, 863
cyclins, 286, 288
food value of, 250–251
and genes, 370
histones, 280
homologous, 471
levels of organization, 49
protein carriers, 209
protein pumps, 212
protein synthesis, 363, 366–370, 384
regulatory, 287
and ribosomes, 200
in skeletal muscles, 930
Proterozoic Eon, 542, 543
Protista, 523–524, 526–527, 602