CHAPTER 16 Study Guide
16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter
Key Concepts
Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects.
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of an object's particles due to their random motion through space.
Thermal energy depends on the mass, temperature, and phase (solid, liquid, or gas) of an object.
Thermal expansion occurs because particles of matter tend to move farther apart as temperature increases.
The lower a material's specific heat is, the more its temperature rises when a given amount of energy is absorbed by a given mass.
A calorimeter uses the principle that heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object until both reach the same temperature.
Vocabulary
heat, p. 474
temperature, p. 475
absolute zero, p. 475
thermal expansion, p. 476
specific heat, p. 476
calorimeter, p. 478
16.2 Heat and Thermodynamics
Key Concepts
Conduction in gases is slower than in liquids and solids because the particles in a gas collide less often.
Convection currents are important in many natural cycles, such as ocean currents, weather systems, and movements of hot rock in Earth's interior.
All objects radiate energy. As an object's temperature increases, the rate at which it radiates energy increases.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved.
The second law of thermodynamics states that thermal energy can flow from colder objects to hotter objects only if work is done on the system.
The third law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero cannot be reached.
Vocabulary
conduction, p. 479
thermal conductor, p. 480
thermal insulator, p. 480
convection, p. 480
convection current, p. 481
radiation, p. 481
thermodynamics, p. 482
heat engine, p. 483
waste heat, p. 483
16.3 Using Heat
Key Concepts
The two main types of heat engines are the external combustion engine and the internal combustion engine.
Most heating systems use convection to distribute thermal energy.
Heat pumps must do work on a refrigerant in order to reverse the normal flow of thermal energy.
Vocabulary
external combustion engine, p. 486
internal combustion engine, p. 487
central heating system, p. 489
heat pump, p. 490
refrigerant, p. 490
Thinking Visually
Concept Map Copy the concept map below onto a sheet of paper. Use the information from the chapter to complete the diagram.
Table of Contents