CHAPTER 9 Study Guide

9.1 Carbon Compounds

Key Concepts

• Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes are forms of carbon. Diamond is a network solid. Graphite forms layers that slide past one another. Fullerenes are large hollow spheres or cages of carbon.

• Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are the number of carbon atoms and how the atoms are arranged. Hydrocarbons can form a straight chain, a branched chain, or a ring.

• There are three types of unsaturated hydrocarbons—alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Three types of fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water.

Vocabulary

• organic compound, p. 262;

• network solid, p. 263;

• hydrocarbon, p. 264;

• saturated hydrocarbon, p. 264;

• isomers, p. 265;

• unsaturated hydrocarbon, p. 266;

• aromatic hydrocarbons, p. 266;

• fossil fuels, p. 267

9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons

Key Concepts

• The functional group in an alcohol is a hydroxyl group, −OH. The functional group in an organic acid is a carboxyl group, −COOH. The functional group in an amine is an amino group, −NH₂.

• Esters form when organic acids react with alcohols.

Vocabulary

• substituted hydrocarbon, p. 272

• functional group, p. 272

9.3 Polymers

Key Concepts

• Polymers can be classified as natural polymers or synthetic polymers.

• Rubber, nylon, and polyethylene are three examples of compounds that can be synthesized.

• Four types of polymers produced in plant and animal cells are starches, cellulose, nucleic acids, and proteins.

Vocabulary

• polymer, p. 275;

• monomers, p. 275;

• carbohydrates, p. 278;

• nucleic acids, p. 279;

• amino acid, p. 280;

• protein, p. 280

9.4 Reactions in Cells

Key Concepts

• During photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy.

• During cellular respiration, the energy stored in the products of photosynthesis is released.

• Enzymes and vitamins help cells function efficiently at normal body temperature.

Vocabulary

• photosynthesis, p. 282;

• enzymes, p. 284;

• vitamins, p. 284

Thinking Visually

Concept Map Copy the concept map onto a sheet of paper. Use information from the chapter to complete it.

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