24.6 Predicting the Weather

Figure 27 Moonlight reflecting off ice crystals in cirrostratus clouds can cause a halo to appear around the moon. Such a halo often indicates that precipitation is on the way.

A moon in the night sky that looks like a halo has formed around it.

An old folk rhyme includes this line: “The moon in halos hid her head….” The rhyme suggests that a halo around the moon is a sign that rain or snow should be expected. This bit of folk wisdom has some scientific validity. When you see a halo around the moon, what you're seeing is moonlight shining through cirrostratus clouds. Because cirrostratus clouds often move in before storm clouds, a halo around the moon might indeed indicate precipitation in the near future.

Now consider another bit of weather wisdom from long ago: If a cat scratches itself while sitting on a fence, expect rain before night. Would you look for rain if you saw a cat do that? Probably not. That's the trouble with folk wisdom. Some of it makes sense, and some of it doesn't. Luckily, there are now more reliable ways of forecasting the weather.

Weather Forecasting

The study of Earth's atmosphere is called meteorology. Meteorologists (mee tee uh RAWL uh jists) are scientists who study weather. Meteorologists use many technologies to help predict the weather, including Doppler radar, automated weather stations, weather satellites, and high-speed computers.

Doppler Radar

Doppler radar is a technology based on use of the Doppler effect. Recall from physics that the Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency of waves as either the source of the waves moves or the observer moves. Doppler radar works by bouncing radio waves off particles of precipitation in moving storms and then measuring the frequency of the waves that return.


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Table of Contents

Physical Science CHAPTER 1 Science Skills CHAPTER 2 Properties of Matter CHAPTER 3 States of Matter CHAPTER 4 Atomic Structure CHAPTER 5 The Periodic Table CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonds CHAPTER 7 Chemical Reactions CHAPTER 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases CHAPTER 9 Carbon Chemistry CHAPTER 10 Nuclear Chemistry CHAPTER 11 Motion CHAPTER 12 Forces and Motion CHAPTER 13 Forces in Fluids CHAPTER 14 Work, Power, and Machines CHAPTER 15 Energy CHAPTER 16 Thermal Energy and Heat CHAPTER 17 Mechanical Waves and Sound CHAPTER 18 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light CHAPTER 19 Optics CHAPTER 20 Electricity CHAPTER 21 Magnetism CHAPTER 22 Earth's Interior CHAPTER 23 Earth's Surface CHAPTER 24 Weather and Climate CHAPTER 25 The Solar System CHAPTER 26 Exploring the Universe Skills and Reference Handbook