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Physical Science
PEARSON
Physical Science Concepts in Action
With Earth and Space Science
End of
Page i
Table of Contents
Physical Science
About the Authors
Content Reviewers
Teacher Reviewers
Activity and Laboratory Field Testers
Contents
Labs and Activities
Features
Careers in Science
CHAPTER 1 Science Skills
1.1 What Is Science?
Science From Curiosity
Science and Technology
Branches of Science
The Big Ideas of Physical Science
Science and Your Perspective
1.2 Using a Scientific Approach
Scientific Methods
Scientific Laws
Scientific Models
Working Safely in Science
1.3 Measurement
Using Scientific Notation
SI Units of Measurement
Limits of Measurement
Measuring Temperature
1.4 Presenting Scientific Data
Organizing Data
Communicating Data
CHAPTER 1 Study Guide
CHAPTER 1 Assessment
CHAPTER 2 Properties of Matter
2.1 Classifying Matter
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids
2.2 Physical Properties
Examples of Physical Properties
Using Physical Properties
Using Properties to Separate Mixtures
Recognizing Physical Changes
2.3 Chemical Properties
Observing Chemical Properties
Recognizing Chemical Changes
Is a Change Chemical or Physical?
CHAPTER 2 Study Guide
CHAPTER 2 Assessment
CHAPTER 3 States of Matter
3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Describing the States of Matter
Kinetic Theory
Explaining the Behavior of Gases
Explaining the Behavior of Liquids
Explaining the Behavior of Solids
3.2 The Gas Laws
Pressure
Factors That Affect Gas Pressure
Charles's Law
Boyle's Law
The Combined Gas Law
3.3 Phase Changes
Characteristics of Phase Changes
Melting and Freezing
Vaporization and Condensation
Sublimation and Deposition
CHAPTER 3 Study Guide
CHAPTER 3 Assessment
CHAPTER 4 Atomic Structure
4.1 Studying Atoms
Ancient Greek Models of Atoms
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Thomson's Model of the Atom
Rutherford's Atomic Theory
4.2 The Structure of an Atom
Properties of Subatomic Particles
Comparing Subatomic Particles
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Isotopes
4.3 Modern Atomic Theory
Bohr's Model of the Atom
Energy Levels
Electron Cloud Model
Atomic Orbitals
Electron Configurations
CHAPTER 4 Study Guide
CHAPTER 4 Assessment
CHAPTER 5 The Periodic Table
5.1 Organizing the Elements
The Search for Order
Mendeleev's Periodic Table
5.2 The Modern Periodic Table
The Periodic Law
Atomic Mass
Classes of Elements
Variation Across a Period
5.3 Representative Groups
Valence Electrons
The Alkali Metals
The Alkaline Earth Metals
The Boron Family
The Carbon Family
The Nitrogen Family
The Oxygen Family
The Halogens
The Noble Gases
CHAPTER 5 Study Guide
CHAPTER 5 Assessment
CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonds
6.1 Ionic Bonding
Stable Electron Configurations
Ionic Bonds
Ionic Compounds
6.2 Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonds
Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Attraction Between Molecules
6.3 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas
Describing Ionic Compounds
Describing Molecular Compounds
6.4 The Structure of Metals
Metallic Bonds
Explaining Properties of Metals
Alloys
CHAPTER 6 Study Guide
CHAPTER 6 Assessment
CHAPTER 7 Chemical Reactions
7.1 Describing Reactions
Chemical Equations
Balancing Equations
Counting With Moles
Chemical Calculations
7.2 Types of Reactions
Classifying Reactions
7.3 Energy Changes in Reactions
Chemical Bonds and Energy
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Conservation of Energy
7.4 Reaction Rates
Reactions Over Time
7.5 Equilibrium
Types of Equilibria
Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium
CHAPTER 7 Study Guide
CHAPTER 7 Assessment
CHAPTER 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases
8.1 Formation of Solutions
Dissolving
Properties of Liquid Solutions
Heat of Solution
Factors Affecting Rates of Dissolving
8.2 Solubility and Concentration
Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
Concentration of Solutions
8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases
Identifying Acids
Identifying Bases
Neutralization and Salts
Proton Donors and Acceptors
8.4 Strength of Acids and Bases
The pH Scale
Strong Acids and Bases
Weak Acids and Bases
Electrolytes
CHAPTER 8 Study Guide
CHAPTER 8 Assessment
CHAPTER 9 Carbon Chemistry
9.1 Carbon Compounds
Forms of Carbon
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Combustion of Fossil Fuels
9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Organic Acids and Bases
Esters
9.3 Polymers
Synthetic Polymers
Natural Polymers
Proteins
9.4 Reactions in Cells
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Enzymes and Vitamins
CHAPTER 9 Study Guide
CHAPTER 9 Assessment
CHAPTER 10 Nuclear Chemistry
10.1 Radioactivity
Nuclear Decay
Types of Nuclear Radiation
Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Detecting Nuclear Radiation
10.2 Rates of Nuclear Decay
Half-Life
Radioactive Dating
10.3 Artificial Transmutation
Nuclear Reactions in the Laboratory
Transuranium Elements
Particle Accelerators
10.4 Fission and Fusion
Nuclear Forces
Fission
Fusion
CHAPTER 10 Study Guide
CHAPTER 10 Assessment
CHAPTER 11 Motion
11.1 Distance and Displacement
Choosing a Frame of Reference
Measuring Distance
Measuring Displacements
Combining Displacements
11.2 Speed and Velocity
Speed
Graphing Motion
Velocity
Combining Velocities
11.3 Acceleration
What Is Acceleration?
Calculating Acceleration
Graphs of Accelerated Motion
CHAPTER 11 Study Guide
CHAPTER 11 Assessment
CHAPTER 12 Forces and Motion
12.1 Forces
What Is a Force?
Combining Forces
Friction
Gravity
12.2 Newton's First and Second Laws of Motion
Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton
Newton's First Law of Motion
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Weight and Mass
12.3 Newton's Third Law of Motion and Momentum
Newton's Third Law
Action-Reaction Forces and Motion
Momentum
Conservation of Momentum
12.4 Universal Forces
Electromagnetic Forces
Nuclear Forces
Gravitational Force
CHAPTER 12 Study Guide
CHAPTER 12 Assessment
CHAPTER 13 Forces in Fluids
13.1 Fluid Pressure
Pressure in Fluids
Air Pressure and the Atmosphere
13.2 Forces and Pressure in Fluids
Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
13.3 Buoyancy
Buoyant Force
Archimedes' Principle
Density and Buoyancy
CHAPTER 13 Study Guide
CHAPTER 13 Assessment
CHAPTER 14 Work, Power, and Machines
14.1 Work and Power
What Is Work?
What Is Power?
Calculating Power
James Watt and Horsepower
14.2 Work and Machines
Machines Do Work
Work Input and Work Output
14.3 Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency
Mechanical Advantage
Calculating Mechanical Advantage
Efficiency
14.4 Simple Machines
Levers
Wheel and Axle
Inclined Planes
Wedges and Screws
Pulleys
Compound Machines
CHAPTER 14 Study Guide
CHAPTER 14 Assessment
CHAPTER 15 Energy
15.1 Energy and Its Forms
Energy and Work
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Forms of Energy
15.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation
Energy Conversion
Conservation of Energy
Energy Conversions
Energy and Mass
15.3 Energy Resources
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources
Conserving Energy Resources
CHAPTER 15 Study Guide
CHAPTER 15 Assessment
CHAPTER 16 Thermal Energy and Heat
16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter
Work and Heat
Thermal Energy
Measuring Heat Changes
16.2 Heat and Thermodynamics
Conduction
Radiation
Thermodynamics
16.3 Using Heat
Heat Engines
Heating Systems
Cooling Systems
CHAPTER 16 Study Guide
CHAPTER 16 Assessment
CHAPTER 17 Mechanical Waves and Sound
17.1 Mechanical Waves
What Are Mechanical Waves?
Types of Mechanical Waves
17.2 Properties of Mechanical Waves
Frequency and Period
Wavelength
Wave Speed
Amplitude
17.3 Behavior of Waves
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
Standing Waves
17.4 Sound and Hearing
Properties of Sound Waves
Ultrasound
The Doppler Effect
Hearing and the Ear
How Sound Is Reproduced
Music
CHAPTER 17 Study Guide
CHAPTER 17 Assessment
CHAPTER 18 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light
18.1 Electromagnetic Waves
What Are Electromagnetic Waves?
The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves
Wavelength and Frequency
Wave or Particle?
Intensity
18.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Waves of the Spectrum
Radio Waves
Infrared Rays
Visible Light
Ultraviolet Rays
X-Rays
Gamma Rays
18.3 Behavior of Light
Light and Materials
Interactions of Light
18.4 Color
Separating White Light Into Colors
The Colors of Objects
Mixing Colors of Light
Mixing Pigments
18.5 Sources of Light
Incandescent Light
Fluorescent Light
Laser Light
Neon Light
Sodium-Vapor Light
Tungsten-Halogen Light
CHAPTER 18 Study Guide
CHAPTER 18 Assessment
CHAPTER 19 Optics
19.1 Mirrors
The Law of Reflection
Plane Mirrors
Concave and Convex Mirrors
19.2 Lenses
Index of Refraction of Light
Concave and Convex Lenses
Total Internal Reflection
19.3 Optical Instruments
Telescopes
Cameras
Microscopes
19.4 The Eye and Vision
Structure of the Eye
CHAPTER 19 Study Guide
CHAPTER 19 Assessment
CHAPTER 20 Electricity
20.1 Electric Charge and Static Electricity
Electric Charge
Electric Forces
Electric Fields
Static Electricity and Charging
Static Discharge
20.2 Electric Current and Ohm's Law
Electric Current
Conductors and Insulators
Resistance
Voltage
Ohm's Law
20.3 Electric Circuits
Circuit Diagrams
Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits
Power and Energy Calculations
Electrical Safety
20.4 Electronic Devices
Electronic Signals
Vacuum Tubes
Semiconductors
Solid-State Components
Communications Technology
CHAPTER 20 Study Guide
CHAPTER 20 Assessment
CHAPTER 21 Magnetism
21.1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Forces
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Materials
21.2 Electromagnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Solenoids and Electromagnets A
Electromagnetic Devices
21.3 Electrical Energy Generation and Transmission
Generating Electric Current
Generators
Transformers
Electrical Energy for Your Home
CHAPTER 21 Study Guide
CHAPTER 21 Assessment
CHAPTER 22 Earth's Interior
22.1 Earth's Structure
The Science of Geology
A Cross Section of Earth
22.2 Minerals
Minerals and Rocks
The Properties of Minerals
22.3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Classifying Rocks
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
22.4 Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift
Sea-floor Spreading
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Plate Boundaries
Mountain Building
22.5 Earthquakes
Stress in Earth's Crust
Earthquakes and Seismic Waves
Measuring Earthquakes
Seismographic Data
22.6 Volcanoes
Formation of a Volcano
Quiet and Explosive Eruptions
Location and Types of Volcanoes
Other Igneous Features
CHAPTER 22 Study Guide
CHAPTER 22 Assessment
CHAPTER 23 Earth's Surface
23.1 Fresh Water
The Water Cycle
Fresh Water
23.2 Weathering and Mass Movement
Erosion
Weathering
Rates of Weathering
Mass Movement
23.3 Water Shapes the Land
Running Water Erodes the Land
Features Formed by Water Erosion
Features Formed by Water Deposition
Groundwater Erosion
23.4 Glaciers and Wind
How Glaciers Form and Move
Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Wind Erosion and Deposition
23.5 The Restless Oceans
Exploring the Ocean
Ocean Currents
Wave Erosion and Deposition
23.6 Earth's History
Determining the Age of Rocks
A Brief History of Earth
CHAPTER 23 Study Guide
CHAPTER 23 Assessment
CHAPTER 24 Weather and Climate
24.1 The Atmosphere
Earth's Protective Layer
Composition of the Atmosphere
Air Pressure
Layers of the Atmosphere
24.2 The Sun and the Seasons
Earth's Latitude Zones
The Seasons
24.3 Solar Energy and Winds
Energy in the Atmosphere
Wind
Local Winds
Global Winds
24.4 Water in the Atmosphere
Humidity
Cloud Formation
Classifying Clouds
Forms of Precipitation
24.5 Weather Patterns
Air Masses
Fronts
Low- and High-Pressure Systems
Storms
24.6 Predicting the Weather
Weather Forecasting
Weather Maps
24.7 Climate
Classifying Climates
Factors Affecting Temperature
Factors Affecting Precipitation
Studying Climate Change
Natural Climate Change
Human Activities and Climate Change
CHAPTER 24 Study Guide
CHAPTER 24 Assessment
CHAPTER 25 The Solar System
25.1 Exploring the Solar System
Models of the Solar System
Planetary Orbits
Components of the Solar System
Exploring the Solar System
25.2 The Earth-Moon System
Earth's Moon
Surface Features
Formation of the Moon
Phases of the Moon
Eclipses
Tides on Earth
25.3 The Inner Solar System
The Terrestrial Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Asteroids
25.4 The Outer Solar System
Gas Giants
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Dwarf Planets
Comets and Meteoroids
The Edge of the Solar System
25.5 The Origin of the Solar System
The Nebular Theory
Composition and Size of the Planets
CHAPTER 25 Study Guide
CHAPTER 25 Assessment
CHAPTER 26 Exploring the Universe
26.1 The Sun
Energy From the Sun
Forces in Balance
The Sun's Interior
The Sun's Atmosphere
Features of the Sun's Atmosphere
26.2 Stars
Distances to the Stars
Properties of Stars
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
26.3 Life Cycles of Stars
How Stars Form
Adult Stars
The Death of a Star
26.4 Groups of Stars
Star Systems
Star Clusters
Galaxies
26.5 The Expanding Universe
Hubble's Law
The Big Bang Theory
Continued Expansion
CHAPTER 26 Study Guide
CHAPTER 26 Assessment
Skills and Reference Handbook
Skills Handbook
Science Skills
Reading and Study Skills
Math Skills
21st Century Skills
Map Skills
Appendices
Appendix A SI Units
Appendix B Using a Laboratory Balance
Appendix C The Chemical Elements
Appendix D Identifying Common Minerals
Appendix E United States Physical Map
Appendix F Weather Map
Appendix G Relative Humidity Chart
Appendix H Star Charts
Appendix I P B
Appendix J Selected Answers
Glossary
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Spanish Glossary
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Index
Acknowledgments
Periodic Table of the Elements
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