Index

The page on which a term is defined is indicated in boldface type.

• aa (lava), 692

• abrasion, 710, 720, 723

• absolute age, 734

• absolute brightness, 831, 841

• absolute zero, 78, 475, 483

• absorption lines, 841

• Abydos excavations, 301

• abyssal plain, 730

• acceleration, 342–348

  • calculating, 345–346

  • changes in speed and

  • direction, 343–344

  • constant, 345

  • graphs of, 346–348

  • instantaneous, 348

  • Newton's second law of

  • motion and, 365–367

• accretion, in planetary

  • formation, 823

• accuracy, 19

• acetic (ethanoic) acid, 248, 273, 274

• acetylene (ethyne), 178, 266

• AC generators, 643

• acid rain, 269, 711, 717

• acids, 240–254, 241

  • amino, 280

  • citric, 247, 248, 273

  • lauric, 92

  • neutralization of bases by, 244

  • nucleic, 279

  • organic, 273, 274

  • properties of, 240–241

  • as proton donor, 245

  • reactivity with metals, 241, 274

  • strength of, 247–248

• actinide series, 136

• action–reaction forces, 373

• actual mechanical advantage, 422

• Adams, John (mathematician), 814

• adhesives and adhesion, 277

• air

  • compression of, 67

  • as electrical insulator, 605

  • nitrogen in, 55, 143, 228

  • as thermal insulator, 480

• airbags, 201, 366

• air conditioners, 492

• air masses, 765–767

  • static discharge and, 603

  • tornadoes and, 771

• airplane motion, 398–399

• air pollution, 270–271

• air pressure, 392–393, 748

  • breathing and, 77

  • precipitation and, 780

  • wind and, 757

• air resistance, 360, 361

  • terminal speed and, 370–371

• alchemists, 303

• alcohols, 273

• Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz” Jr., 681, 810

• algae, 728

• alkali metals, 140, 202

• alkaline earth metals, 141

• alkanes, 264–265

• alkenes, 266

• alkynes, 266

• alloys, 178–181

  • aluminum, 181

  • copper, 179–180

  • steel, 178, 180–181

  • superalloys, 179

• alluvial fan, 716

• alpha decay, 293, 294, 296

• alpha particles, 104–105, 293, 294, 296

• alternating current (AC), 604

  • generators and, 643–644

  • transformers and, 644–645

• alternative assessment. See Writing in Science and Connecting Concepts.

• altitude, atmospheric pressure and, 748

• altostratus clouds, 763

• aluminum, 39, 135, 138, 142

  • alloys of, 181

  • from aluminum oxide, 178

  • heat capacity of, 478

• Alvarez, Walter, 681

• Alvin (submersible), 731

• amber, 102

• American Red Cross, 252

• americium-241, 304

• amines, 274

• amino acids, 280

• amino group, 274

• ammonia, 218–219, 248

  • melting and boiling points, 47

  • synthesis of, 218–219

• ammonites, 680

• ammonium ion, models of, 172

• ampere (amp), 604

• amplitude modulation (AM), 541

• amplitude of wave, 507

• amusement park rides, 374–375

• analog signals, 619

• aneroid barometer, 748, 749

• angle of incidence, 570

• angle of reflection, 570

• anions, 160, 171, 173

• Antarctica, warming of, 785

• antennas, 542

• anticyclones, 769

• antigens, 253

• antinode, 512

• anti-theft security devices, 634

• Apollo program, 681, 797, 810

• apparent brightness, 831, 840

• aqueous humor, 589

• aquifer, 707

• archaeological sites, protection of, 302

• Archimedes' principle, 401

• area, SI units for, 75

• argon, 138, 145, 158, 561

• Aristarchus, 795

• Aristotle, 100, 363

• Armstrong, Neil, 797,810

• aromatic hydrocarbons, 266

  • in coal, 267

• arsenic, 143, 148

  • in Mendeleev's periodic table, 128

  • in treated wood, 59

• art, identifying forged, 554–557

• artificial transmutation, 303–307

  • modeling, 304

  • transuranium elements, 304

• assembly line, 423

• associations (star clusters), 851

• asteroid belt, 813

• asteroids, 813, 818

• asthenosphere, 662

• astigmatism, 592

• astronaut, 798–800

• astronomical unit (AU), 797

• astronomy, 4

• atmosphere, 392–393, 746, 747–751, 810

  • composition of, 747

  • energy in, 755–756

  • fresh water in, 706

  • ionosphere, 750, 751

  • of Jupiter, 816

  • of Mars, 808, 812

  • mesosphere, 662, 750

  • protective function of, 747

  • of Saturn, 817

  • stratosphere, 750

  • of the sun, 835–837

  • thermosphere, 750, 751

  • troposphere, 749, 750, 756

  • of Venus, 809

  • water in, 22, 24, 760–764, 767, 780

• atmospheric pressure, 81, 748

  • boiling point and, 89–90

• atom(s), 5, 39

  • models of, 113–118

  • radius of, 160

• atom bomb, 310, 313

• atomic mass, 134

• atomic mass units (amu), 134

• atomic number, 110, 112, 131

• atomic structure, 100–118

  • electrons. See electron(s).

  • isotopes, 112

  • mass number, 110, 112

  • neutrons. See neutron(s).

  • nucleus, 105

  • protons. See proton(s).

  • theories and models of, 100–105, 113–118

• aurora, 751

• automobiles

  • air bags, 201

  • electric, 608

  • headlights, 44, 572

  • hybrid, 487–488

  • Model T, 178

  • tire pressure and, 76

• autumnal equinox, 754

• avalanche, 446

• averages, weighted, 134

• average speed, 333

• Avogadro's number, 195

• background radiation, 296

• baking soda, 57, 243, 244

• balanced forces, 358

• ball bearings, 360

• balloons

  • helium, 70

  • hot-air, 82–83

  • weather, 81

• banana peel, chemical change in, 56

• bar graphs, 24

• barium, 141, 309

• Barnack, Oscar, 582

• barometer, 748

• barred-spiral galaxies, 852

• barrier beach, 728

• Barringer meteorite crater, 821

• baryonyx, 738

• basalt, 671

• baseboard heating, electric, 490

• bases, 242–254

  • as electrolytes, 249

  • neutralization of acids by, 244

  • organic, 274, 279

  • properties of, 242–243

  • as proton acceptors, 245

  • reactions of, 243

  • strength of, 247–248

• base SI units, 16–17

• batholiths, 696

• batteries, 249, 452, 599, 606

  • rechargeable, 485

• battery electric vehicles (BEVs), 608

• bauxite, 142

• beach, 729

• Becquerel, Antoine Henri, 292, 312

• benzene ring structure, 266

• Berliner, Emile, 518

• Bernoulli's principle, 396–397, 398

• Berzelius, Jöns, 40

• Bessemer, Henry, 178

• Bessemer converter, 178

• beta decay, 293, 294, 296

• beta particles, 294, 296, 297

• Betelgeuse, 840

• bicycle gears, 436–437

• big bang theory, 858

• Big Dipper, 850

• binary ionic compounds, 171

• binary stars, 851

• biology, 4

• biomass energy, 464

• bismuth, 143

• bits, and bytes, 614

• bitterness, 242

• black holes, 846, 848, 849

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