Content Reviewers

  • Albert Altman, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics and Applied Physics
    University of Massachusetts–Lowell
    Lowell, Massachusetts

  • Paul D. Beale, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    University of Colorado
    Boulder, Colorado

  • Howard Brooks, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics and Astronomy
    DePauw University
    Greencastle, Indiana

  • Jeffrey C. Callister
    Teacher of Earth Science (retired)
    Newburgh Free Academy
    Newburgh, New York

  • Paul C. Canfield, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    Iowa State University
    Ames, Iowa

  • Brant J. Chapman, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
    Montclair State University
    Upper Montclair, New Jersey

  • David Cinabro, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics and Astronomy
    Wayne State University
    Detroit, Michigan

  • Dennis P. Clougherty, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    University of Vermont
    Burlington, Vermont

  • Frank Colby, Ph.D.
    Professor of Meteorology
    University of Massachusetts–Lowell
    Lowell, Massachusetts

  • David R. Curott, Ph.D.
    Professor Emeritus
    University of North Alabama
    Florence, Alabama

  • Charles C. Curtis, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    The University of Arizona
    Tucson, Arizona

  • Donald Elliott, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    Carroll College
    Waukesha, Wisconsin

  • Deborah Freile, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geology
    Berry College
    Mt. Berry, Georgia

  • Joel Goldberg, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    University of Vermont
    Burlington, Vermont

  • Michael W. Hamburger, Ph.D.
    Department of Geological Sciences
    Indiana University
    Bloomington, Indiana

  • Alice K. Hankla, Ph.D.
    The Galloway School
    Atlanta, Georgia

  • David O. Harris, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
    University of California
    Santa Barbara, California

  • Xiaochun He, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics and Astronomy
    Georgia State University
    Atlanta, Georgia

  • Gary L. Hickernell, Ph.D.
    Professor of Chemistry
    Keuka College
    Ossining, New York

  • David Kanis, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Chicago State University
    Chicago, Illinois

  • Glenn C. Kroeger, Ph.D.
    Department of Geosciences
    Trinity University
    San Antonio, Texas

  • David Markowitz, Ph.D.
    Professor of Physics, Emeritus
    University of Connecticut
    Storrs, Connecticut

    A cluster of small cogs forms part of machinery.

  • Robert J. Mellors, Ph.D.
    Department of Geological Sciences
    San Diego State University
    San Diego, California

  • David J. Morrissey, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Michigan State University
    East Lansing, Michigan

  • George S. Mumford, Ph.D.
    Professor of Astronomy, Emeritus
    Tufts University
    Medford, Massachusetts

  • Thomas W. Nalli, Ph.D.
    Chemistry Department
    Winona State University
    Winona, Minnesota

  • Lesley Putman, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Northern Michigan University
    Marquette, Michigan

  • Stanley Raucher, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    University of Washington
    Seattle, Washington

  • John C. Ridge, Ph.D.
    Department of Geology
    Tufts University
    Medford, Massachusetts

  • Scott M. Rochette, Ph.D.
    Department of the Earth Sciences
    State University of New York at Brockport
    Brockport, New York

  • Jeffrey C. Rogers, Ph.D.
    Department of Geography
    Ohio State University
    Columbus, Ohio

  • Larry Rosenhein, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Indiana State University
    Terre Haute, Indiana

  • Mark Rosenthal
    Meteorologist
    Newton, Massachusetts

  • Gerald Royce, Ph.D.
    United States Naval Academy
    Annapolis, Maryland

  • George Schatz, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Northwestern University
    Evanston, Illinois

  • Sara Seager, Ph.D.
    Carnegie Institution of Washington
    Washington, D.C.

  • Surajit Sen, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    State University of New York at Buffalo
    Buffalo, New York

  • Jerry Shi, Ph.D.
    Natural Sciences Division
    Pasadena City College
    Pasadena, California

  • Steven L. Shropshire, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    Idaho State University
    Pocatello, Idaho

  • Paul B. Steinbach, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Stephen F. Austin State University
    Nacogdoches, Texas

  • Paul R. Stoddard, Ph.D.
    Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences
    Northern Illinois University
    DeKalb, Illinois

  • Chuck Stone, Ph.D.
    Department of Physics
    North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
    Greensboro, North Carolina

  • Douglass F. Taber, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
    University of Delaware
    Newark, Delaware

  • Jason R. Telford, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    University of Iowa
    Iowa City, Iowa

  • John R. Villarreal, Ph.D.
    College of Science and Engineering
    The University of Texas–Pan American
    Edinburg, Texas

  • Nanette Wachter, Ph.D.
    Department of Chemistry
    Hofstra University
    Hempstead, New York

  • Jerry D. Wilson, Ph.D.
    Lander University–Professor Emeritus
    Greenwood, South Carolina


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Table of Contents

Physical Science CHAPTER 1 Science Skills CHAPTER 2 Properties of Matter CHAPTER 3 States of Matter CHAPTER 4 Atomic Structure CHAPTER 5 The Periodic Table CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonds CHAPTER 7 Chemical Reactions CHAPTER 8 Solutions, Acids, and Bases CHAPTER 9 Carbon Chemistry CHAPTER 10 Nuclear Chemistry CHAPTER 11 Motion CHAPTER 12 Forces and Motion CHAPTER 13 Forces in Fluids CHAPTER 14 Work, Power, and Machines CHAPTER 15 Energy CHAPTER 16 Thermal Energy and Heat CHAPTER 17 Mechanical Waves and Sound CHAPTER 18 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light CHAPTER 19 Optics CHAPTER 20 Electricity CHAPTER 21 Magnetism CHAPTER 22 Earth's Interior CHAPTER 23 Earth's Surface CHAPTER 24 Weather and Climate CHAPTER 25 The Solar System CHAPTER 26 Exploring the Universe Skills and Reference Handbook