• ear, anatomy of, 517

• Earth, 658–743, 808, 809–810

  • age of, 832–833

  • core of, 662, 663

  • crust of, 661, 662, 663, 678

  • earthquakes, 684–689

  • glaciers, 708, 719–722

  • gravitational force of, 381

  • history of, 734–738

  • land features, 713–717

  • magnetic field around, 632

  • mantle of, 662

  • mass movement on, 712

  • minerals in, 664–669

  • movement of, 752

  • oceans, 725–731

  • orbit variations, 782

  • plate tectonics, 676–683

  • rock cycle, 674–675

  • tides on, 805

  • volcanoes, 690–696

  • water, 705–708

  • weathering of, 710–712

  • wind, 356, 723–724, 757–759

• earthquakes, 660, 684–689

  • to map plate boundaries, 697

  • measuring, 687–688

  • P waves and, 502

  • seismic waves and, 686–687

  • seismographic data, 689

  • stress in crust and, 685

• Earth science, 4

• Eastman, George, 582

• eclipses, 803–804

• ecliptic plane, 796

• Edison, Thomas, 518

• efficiency of machines, 425–426, 491

• Einstein, Albert, 70, 310, 312, 459, 537

  • and general relativity, 849

  • and special relativity, 459, 534

• elastic potential energy, 450

• el Capitan, 670

• el Caracol, 794

• electrical energy, 452

  • production of, 642–649

• electrical insulator, 605

• electrical potential energy, 606

• electric baseboard heating, 490

• electric cars, 608

• electric charge, 600–601

• electric circuit, 605

• electric current, 604–607

  • alternating current (AC), 604

  • direct current (DC), 604

  • generating, 642–644

• electric fields, 533, 602

• electric forces, 102, 308, 309, 379, 601

  • and charge, 601

  • compared to gravitational

  • force, 601

  • and distance, 601

• electric motors, 639

• electricity, 598–627

  • circuits, 609–617

  • coal-fired power plants, 270–271

  • current, 102, 604–607, 642–644

  • nuclear-generated, 313, 314

  • static, 602–603

• electrodes, 559

• electrolytes, 248–249

• electromagnetic energy, 452

• electromagnetic forces, 378–379, 635

• electromagnetic induction, 642

• electromagnetic radiation, 533, 832

• electromagnetic spectrum, 539, 540–545

  • gamma rays, 297, 307, 540, 543, 545

  • infrared rays, 540, 543, 556–557

  • radio waves, 540–542

  • ultraviolet rays, 532, 540, 543, 544, 556, 750

  • visible light, 452, 540, 543

  • X-rays, 452, 532, 540, 543, 544, 556–557

• electromagnetic waves, 532, 533–538

  • frequency of, 535

  • intensity of, 538

  • speed of, 534

  • transmission of, 533

  • wavelength of, 535

  • wave vs. particle model, 536–537

• electromagnetism, 635–641

  • direction of electric

  • currents, 636

  • direction of magnetic

  • fields, 636

  • electric motors, 639

  • galvanometers, 638

  • loudspeakers, 639

  • solenoids and, 637–638

• electromagnets, 637–638

• electron(s), 5, 108, 109

  • controlling flow of, 619

  • energy levels of, 114–116

  • direction of current and, 604, 609

  • sharing of, 166. See also

  • covalent bonds.

  • spin, 632

  • transfer of, 159, 204, 205, 602–603

  • valence, 139. See also

  • valence electrons.

• electron cloud model, 114, 116, 117

• electron configuration(s), 118

  • ionic bonds and, 159, 161

  • stable, 118, 158

• electron dot diagram, 158

  • covalent bond and, 166

  • of Group A elements, 159

• electronic devices, 618–622

  • communications

  • technology, 622

  • digital cameras, 620

  • controlling electron flow, 619

  • solid-state components, 183, 621–622

• electronic signals, 618–619

• electronics, 618

• electron transfers

  • ionic bonding and, 159

  • reactions as, 204–205

• element(s), 39–40, 895

  • atomic number of, 110, 112, 131

  • classes of, 135–136

  • density of, 19, 27, 47, 71, 150–151

  • isotopes of, 112, 134

  • molecules of, 166

  • symbols for, 39, 40

  • toxic, 148–149

  • trace, 146, 147, 149

  • transuranium, 304

• elevation, 891, 893

• elevators, 434

• elliptical galaxies, 852

• el Niño, 783

• emeralds, 664

• Endeavour space shuttle, 794

• endoscope, 586

• endothermic change, 86

• endothermic reactions, 209, 232–233

• energy, 6, 444–447, 467

  • in atmosphere, 755–756

  • biomass, 464

  • bonds and, 206–207

  • chemical, 206, 282–283, 451

  • clean, 270–271

  • conservation of, 209, 455, 457–458, 482

  • conserving resources, 466

  • conversion of, 282, 454, 456–457

  • electrical, 452

  • electromagnetic, 452

  • E = mc², 459

  • geothermal, 464

  • hydroelectric, 463

  • ionization, 161

  • kinetic, 6, 71, 164, 447–448, 456–457

  • mass equivalence and, 459

  • mass converted to, 310

  • mechanical, 450–451, 457–458

  • in mechanical waves, 500

  • nonrenewable resources, 462

  • nuclear, 312–313, 452

  • phase changes and, 86

  • potential, 6, 448–450, 456, 606

  • radiant, 484

  • reactions and, 206–209

  • renewable resources, 463–465

  • in roller coasters, 460–461

  • solar, 464, 755, 832–833

  • thermal. See thermal energy.

  • wind, 464

  • work and, 447

• energy conservation, 466

• energy conversion, 454

• energy levels, in atoms, 114–116, 131

• engines, heat, 483, 486–488

  • external combustion

  • engine, 486

  • hybrid cars, 488

  • internal combustion

  • engine, 487

• enzymes, 284

• epicenter, of earthquake, 686, 687

• equations, 192–198

  • balancing, 194–195

  • moles in, 195–196

  • nuclear, 295

• equator, 752–754, 779–780, 884, 886, 887

  • Coriolis effect and, 759

  • upwelling along, 728

• equilibrium, 216

  • chemical, 216–221

  • factors affecting, 218–219

  • manipulating, 220–221

  • physical, 216–217

• equinoxes, 754

• eras, 734–735

• Eris, 818

• erbium, in tinted lenses, 136

• erosion, 709

  • glacial, 720–721

  • gravity and, 713

  • groundwater, 717

  • land features formed by, 714–716, 717

  • modeling, 739

  • sediment as end product

  • of, 709

  • water, 714–716

  • wave, 728–729

  • weathering, 710–712

  • wind, 723

• erratics, 722

• eruptions, volcanic, 692

• eskers, 722

• esters, 274

• ethane, 267

• ethanoic (acetic) acid, 248, 273, 274

• ethanol, 273

• ethene, 266, 273, 276

• ethyne (acetylene), 266

• Eurasian continent, 677

• Europa (moon), 816

• evaporation, 89, 217, 705, 706

• event horizon, 849

• excited state, in atoms, 117, 118

• exothermic change, 86

• exothermic reactions, 208

• expansion, thermal, 476

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Table of Contents