• quark, 305

• quarter moon, 803

• quartz, 666, 669, 711

• quartzite, 675

• quasars, 853

• quiet volcanic eruptions, 692

• radar, 542

  • Doppler, 774–775

• radiant energy, 484

• radiant heaters, 490

• radiation, 481. See also radioactivity.

• radiation in troposphere, 755–756

• radiation therapy, 545

• radiation zone, 834

• radiator(s)

  • automobile, 487

  • in heating systems, 489

• radioactive dating, 300–301

• radioactive tracers, 306

• radioactive waste, 311,312–313

• radioactivity, 292–301

  • detecting, 297

  • discovery of, 292

  • effects of, 296–297

  • types of, 293–296

• radio broadcasting, 541

• radiocarbon dating, 301

• radioisotopes, 292, 293, 299,734

• radio waves, 540–542

• radium, 305

• radon gas, 296, 302

• rain, 764

  • acid, 269, 711, 717

  • freezing, 764

• rainbow, 551

• ramps, 411, 422, 430

• random-access memory (RAM), 615

• Raphael (painter), 557

• rapids, 715

• rarefaction, 502

• ray diagram, 570

• reactants, 192, 197

• reaction(s), chemical, 190–225

  • of acids, 241

  • of bases, 243

  • in cells, 282–284

  • classification of, 199–204

  • combustion, 199, 204, 208,210, 268

  • conservation of mass in,191, 193

  • decomposition, 199, 200–201

  • describing, 192–193

  • double-replacement 199, 203

  • as electron transfers, 204–205

  • endothermic, 209, 232–233

  • energy changes in, 206–209

  • equations for, 192–198

  • equilibrium, 216–221

  • exothermic, 208

  • neutralization, 244, 254

  • nuclear, 303, 311, 313, 316–317

  • oxidation-reduction,204–205

• rates of, 212–215

• reversible, 217

  • single-replacement, 199,202, 203

  • synthesis, 199, 200, 217, 218

• reaction forces, 373

• reactivity, 55, 135, 136

  • of alkali metals, 140

  • of alkaline earth metals,141

  • of fluorine, 136, 167

  • of halogens, 144

  • of oxygen, 55, 143

  • valence electrons and, 159

• reactor core, 314

• read-only memory (ROM), 615

• reading strategies, 2, 7, 14, 22, 38, 45, 54, 68, 75, 84, 100, 108, 113, 126, 130, 139, 158, 165, 170, 176, 192, 199, 206, 212, 216, 228, 235, 240, 246, 262, 272, 275, 282, 292, 298, 303, 308, 328, 332, 342, 356, 363, 372, 378, 390, 394, 400, 412, 417, 421, 427, 446, 453, 462, 474, 479, 486, 500, 504, 508, 514, 532, 539, 546, 550, 558, 570, 574, 580, 588, 600, 604, 609, 618, 630, 635, 642, 660, 664, 670, 676, 684, 690, 704, 709, 713, 719, 725, 732, 746, 752, 755, 760, 765, 774, 778, 794, 800, 807, 814, 822, 832, 838, 844, 850, 856

• real image, 572

• red blood cells, 250

• red giant, 843, 846

• Red Sea, 676

• red shift, 856–857, 858

• reduction, 205

• reference frame, 328–329

• reflecting telescopes, 581

• reflection, 508

  • angle of, 570

  • diffuse, 547

  • law of, 570–571

  • of light, 547

  • regular, 547

  • total internal, 578

• refracting telescopes, 581

• refraction, 509

  • critical angle of, 578

  • indices of, 574–575

  • of light, 548, 574–578

• refrigerant, 490, 491

• refrigerators, 88, 491

• regular reflection, 547

• relative age, 732

• relative dating, 733

• relative humidity, 760, 901

• relative motion, 329

• relativity, general, 845

• relativity, special, 459, 534

• relief, 890, 892

• renewable energy resources.

  • See energy, renewable resources.

• representative groups, in periodic table, 139–145

• resistance, 605

• resonance, 521

• respiration, cellular, 283

• responding variable, 8, 23

• resultant vector, 331

• retina, 589, 591

• reversible reaction, 217

• revolution, 752

  • of Earth, 752, 753

  • of planets, 808, 815

• ribonucleic acid (RNA), 279

• Riccioli, Giovanni Baptista, 851

• Richter scale, 687

• Rigel, 840

• ring, planetary, 814, 815

• ring (cyclic) hydrocarbons, 265

• Ring of Fire, 693

• rise of a straight-line graph, 23

• rivers, 706, 715, 716

• rock crystal, 669

• rock cycle, 674–675

• rock flour, 724

• rocks, 659, 665, 670–674

  • age of, 732–734

  • color of, 670

  • extrusive, 671

  • freezing and thawing effects on, 703

  • igneous, 671, 696

  • impermeable, 707

  • intrusive, 671

  • metamorphic, 674

  • minerals, compared to, 659

  • permeable, 707

  • sedimentary, 672–673

  • texture of, 670

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