• volcanic, 695

• weathering of, 710–712

• safety skills, 11, 872–873

• salinity, 725

• saliva, 230

• salt(s), 244, 254

  • properties of, 164

  • solubility of, 235

  • table, 39, 144, 149. See also sodium chloride.

• saltation, 714, 723

• salt water, 725

• San Andreas fault, 685

• sand, 40, 41, 137

• sand dunes, 723, 724

• sand spit, 728

• sandstone, 672, 675

• satellite dish, 541

• satellites, 382, 775

• saturated hydrocarbon, 264

• saturated solutions, 236

• saturated zone, 707

• Saturn, 815, 816–817

• scandium, 129

• scanning tunneling

  • microscope, 111

• scattering, of light, 549

• schist, 674

• Schrödinger, Erwin, 115

• science, 2, 3–6

  • branches of, 4

  • physical, 5–6

  • technology and, 3

• Science and History, 114, 178, 312, 374, 422, 518, 582, 680, 810

• science methods, 7–10, 22–25, 868–871

  • data presentation, 22–25, 871, 883

  • developing a theory, 9

  • drawing conclusions, 9, 871

  • experimental methods, 7–9, 12–13, 870–871

  • models, 6, 10, 869

  • observations, 3, 8, 868

• safety and, 11, 872–873

• science, technology, and society. See technology, science and society.

• scientific laws, 9

• scientific notation, 14–15, 879

• scientific theory, 9

• scissors, 435

• sclera, 589

• scratch tests, 668

• screw, 427, 431

• sculpture, making, 49

• sea navigation 338–341

• sea breeze, 757

• sea cliff, 728

• sea floor spreading, 678–679

• seamounts, 730

• sea level rise, 785

• seasons, 752–754

  • equinoxes, 754

  • latitude zones and, 752–753

  • Martian, 812

• solstices, 753–754

• sea stack, 728

• seawater, 229

• secondary colors, 552

• second-class levers, 428, 429

• second law of thermodynamics, 482–483

• sediment, 672, 675, 709, 713, 714

  • moraines, 721, 722

  • till, 721, 722

• sedimentary rocks, 672–673

• seismic waves, 684, 686–687

• seismogram, 688

• seismograph, 687–689

• seismometers, 688

• selenium, 128, 143, 149

• semiconductors, 182–183, 621–622

  • n-type, 182–183, 621

  • p-type, 182–183, 621

• series circuit, 610

• sextant, 339

• shadow zone, 689

• shale, 674

• Shepard, Alan, 797, 800

• shield volcanoes, 693, 694

• short-period comets, 820

• signals, electronic, 618–619

• significant figures, 19, 880

• silica (silicon dioxide), 40, 666, 692

• silicate, 661

• silicon, 40, 136, 138, 142, 145

  • compounds of, 40, 142

  • freezing point, 88

  • in semiconductors, 182–183, 621

• silicon carbide, 142

• silk, 275, 276

• sill, 696

• silver, 47, 57, 110, 137

  • compounds of, 202

  • as electrical conductor, 605

• Singer, Isaac Merritt, 423

• single-replacement reactions, 199, 202

• sinkholes, 717

• sinking, 402

• Sirius (star), 840, 851

• SI units (International System of Units), 16–18, 893

  • base and derived, 16–17

  • for force, 75, 357

  • metric prefixes, 17–18

  • for pressure, 75

• sky diving, 370–371

• slate, 674

• sleet, 764

• sliding friction, 359

• slope, 23, 334, 883

• slumping, 712

• Smith, William, 680

• smoke detector, 304

• smokers (hydrothermal vents), 731

• snow, 764

• soaps, 237, 240, 242

• sodium, 138, 140, 149

  • atomic structure of, 131

  • electron dot diagram for, 159

  • melting point, 141

  • reactions of, 138, 140, 159, 200

• sodium bicarbonate, 243

• sodium chloride, 161, 200

  • formation of, 159

  • crystals of, 162

  • melting point, 164

  • properties of, 164, 231

• sources of, 140

• sodium hydroxide, 232, 242

• sodium ion, 160

• sodium-vapor light, 562

• soil acidity, 226

• Sojourner Mars rover, 2

• solar activity, 783

• solar eclipse, 804

• solar energy, 464, 755

• solar flare, 837

• solar home, 484–485

• solar nebula, 822–823

• solar panels, 485

• solar system, 792–829, 854

  • comets and meteoroids, 10, 801, 819, 820–821

  • components of, 792-793

  • Earth-Moon system, 796–797

  • edge of, 819

  • exploration of, 797–798, 810–811

  • models of 794–795

  • nebular theory of origin of, 822–823

  • outer planets, 814–819

  • planetary orbits, 796

  • planetary composition and size, 824

  • terrestrial planets, 807–813, 824

• solar wind, 835

• solenoids, 637–638

• solid(s), 69, 135

• solid(s), 69, 135

  • behavior of, 74

  • conduction in, 479

  • kinetic theory and, 74

  • network, 263

• solid-state components, 621–622

• solstices, 753–754

• solubility, 235, 237

  • factors affecting, 237

  • of vitamins, 284

• solutes, 229

• solutions, 42–43, 228–239

  • acids and bases, 240–254

  • buffers, 248

  • classification of, 229, 235–236

  • concentration of, 238–239, 246

  • dilute, 238–239, 246

  • dissolving, 229–230, 234

  • heat of, 232

  • properties of, 231–232

• solvents, 229, 237

• sonar, 516

• sound, 447, 514–525, 619

  • Doppler effect, 516, 542

  • frequency and pitch of, 515

  • hearing, 517

  • intensity and loudness of, 515

  • music, 521

  • recording technology, 518–519

• speed of, 514

  • ultrasound, 516

• sound waves, 514

• South Pole, 885, 886, 887, 888

• spacecraft, 194

• space probes, 798

• space race, 797

• space science, 4

• space shuttle, 798, 811

• spacesuit, 799

• speakers, 518–519, 639

• special relativity, theory of, 459, 534

• specific heat, 476–477

  • to analyze metals, 493

  • equation for, 477

• spectra of stars, 841

• spectrograph, 841

• speed, 327, 332–334, 335

  • average, 332, 333

  • changes in, 343

  • of electromagnetic waves, 534

  • formula for calculating, 333

  • instantaneous, 332, 334

  • kinetic energy and, 447

  • of light, 459, 534, 574

  • measuring, 335

  • of sound, 514

  • terminal, 370–371

  • wave, 505–506

• speedometer, 335

• speed-time graph, 347

• spin, electron, 632

• spin, nuclear, 641

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