• Kant, Immanuel, 832

• karats, and purity of gold, 178

• Keck telescopes, 580

• kelp forests, 726

• Kelvin (K) scale, 20, 475

  • gas laws and, 78, 80

• Kennedy, John F., 797

• Kepler, Johannes, 796

• Kepler's laws and elliptical

  • orbits, 796

• kettle lake, 726

• kilometers (km), 329

• kilopascal (kPa), 75

• kilowatt-hours, 612

• kilowatts, 611

• kinetic energy, 6, 71, 447–448, 456–457

  • in crystal lattices, 164

  • temperature and, 475

• kinetic theory, 71

  • of gases, 73

  • of matter, 9

• knowledge, scientific, 3

• krypton, 145, 561

• Kuiper Belt, 819, 820

• laboratory balance, 894

• labs. See Contents, xii–xv.

• lakes, 707

  • kettle, 722

  • oxbow, 715, 716

• Laki, 783

• Land, Edwin H., 583

• land breeze, 757

• land features, 713–717

  • flood plains, 716

  • formed by erosion, 714–716, 717

  • formed by water

  • deposition, 716

  • V-shaped valleys, 715

• landslides, 712

• Landsteiner, Karl, 252

• lanthanide series, 136

• Large Magellanic Cloud, 852

• laser, 560–561

• laser surgery, 591

• latitude, 338, 339, 884, 885

  • Coriolis effect and, 759

  • global winds and, 758

  • precipitation and, 780

  • seasons and, 752–754

  • temperature and, 779

• lattice

  • crystal, 162–163, 164

  • metal, 177

• Laurasia, 677

• lauric acid, 92

• lava, 671, 692, 696

• lava bombs, 695

• lava plateau, 696

• Lavoisier, Antoine, 126, 196

• laws, scientific, 9

• lead, 142

  • compounds of, 203

  • dangers of, 148

• Le Châtelier, Henri-Louis, 218, 266

• Le Châtelier's principle, 218–219

• LEDs. See light-emitting diodes.

• length, 16

• lens(es), 574–576, 577–578

  • concave, 576

  • convex, 576–577

  • of eye, 589, 591

• levee, 715

• Le Verrier, Urbain, 814

• levers, 427, 428–429

• Leyster, Judith, 557

• Libby, W. F., 313

• life science, 4

• lift, 396–397, 398–399

• light, 546–549. See also color.

  • bulbs, 145, 176, 558

  • coherent, 560

  • energy levels and, 116

  • fluorescent, 559

  • incandescent, 558, 559

  • incident ray of, 575

  • index of refraction, 574–575

  • laser, 560–561

  • neon lights, 145, 561

  • through oceans, 726

  • polarization of, 548–549

  • reflection of, 135, 547

  • refraction of, 548

  • scattering of, 43, 44, 549

  • sodium-vapor, 562

  • speed of, 14, 15, 310, 459, 534, 574

  • tungsten-halogen, 562

  • visible, 452, 540, 543

• light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 129, 183, 621

• lighthouses, 170, 577

• light microscopes, 584

• lightning, 452, 600, 603, 770

• light-year, 838

• lime (quicklime), 137, 170, 204

• limestone, 141, 270, 673, 711, 810

  • reaction with hydrochloric acid, 199

• line, slope of, 334

• linear graphs, 23, 347

• Lippershey, Hans, 581

• liquid(s), 69, 135

  • behavior of, 73

  • conduction in, 479

  • kinetic theory and, 73

  • viscosity of, 45

• liquid crystal display (LCD), 620

• lithium, 118, 131, 140

• lithosphere, 662, 682

• litmus paper, 241, 243

• Little Ice Age, 783

• Local Group, 854

• Local Supercluster, 854

• local winds, 757

• loess deposits, 723, 724

• longitude, 338, 339, 884, 885

• longitudinal waves, 502, 505, 507

• longshore drift, 729

• loudness, 515

• loudspeakers, 518–519, 639

• Lowell, Francis, 422

• low-pressure systems, 768–769

• luminous, 558

• lunar eclipse, 804

• lungs, 77, 251

• luster, 667

• lye, 240, 242

• Lyell, Charles, 680, 833

• M87 (galaxy), 852

• M100 (galaxy), 852

• McCormick, Cyrus, 423

• machines, 417

  • compound, 435

  • efficiency of, 425–426

  • inclined plane, 427, 430

  • levers, 427, 428–429

  • mechanical advantage, 421–424, 438–439

  • pulley, 427, 432–434

  • screw, 427, 431

  • simple, 427–433

  • wedge, 427, 431

  • wheel and axle, 427, 430

  • work and, 417–420

• macula, 591

• magma, 671, 691–692, 694–695, 696, 730–731

• magma chamber, 691

• magnesium, 135, 138, 141, 146

  • alloys of, 181

  • electron dot diagram, 166

  • reaction with oxygen, 101

• magnesium chloride, 161, 231

• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 640–641

• magnetic stripes, 679

• magnetism, 628–653

  • Earth's magnetic field, 632

  • electromagnets, 637–638

• magnetic domains, 632–633

• magnetic materials, 632–633

• magnetic field, 533, 631–632, 637

• magnetic forces, 379, 630

• magnetic poles, 630

• magnetite, 630, 669

• magnetophone, 518

• magnetosphere, 632

• main-sequence stars, 843, 844, 845

• malleability, 46, 135–137

• mammals, 738

• manipulated variable, 8, 23

• mantle, of Earth, 662

• maps, 10, 886–892

  • climate, 779, 891

  • equal-area, 887

  • globes, 884-885

  • gores, 886, 887

  • how to use, 888, 889

  • map keys, 888, 889

  • Map Skills Handbook, 884-892

  • Mercator projection, 886

  • physical, 890, 898-899

  • projections, 886, 887

  • Robinson projection, 887

  • same-shape, 886

  • scales of, 888, 889

  • topographic, 892

  • weather, 776-777, 902

• marble, 711

• maria, 801

• Mariner 10 space probe, 808–809

• maritime air mass, 766

• Mars, 2, 808, 811–812

• Marsden, Ernest, 104

• Mars Exploration Rovers, 811, 812

• mass, 16, 365

  • compared to weight, 368–369

  • conservation of, 191, 193

  • conversion between mole

  • and, 196, 197, 198

  • conversion to energy, 310

  • critical, 311

  • energy and, 447, 449, 459

  • mass-energy equation, 310, 459

  • molar, 196, 197

  • percent by, 238

  • of reactant, 197

  • of stars, 841, 845

  • thermal energy and, 475

  • of universe, 859

• mass extinctions, 735, 736–737

• mass movement, 712

• mass number, 110

  • isotopes and, 112

• mass transportation, 466

• math skills and application

  • Data Analysis, 24, 42, 71, 160, 273, 377, 392, 433, 463, 491, 542, 575, 667, 775, 855

  • Math Practice, 15, 20, 80, 81, 174, 175, 195, 198, 295, 297, 333, 337, 346, 348, 367, 369, 393, 415, 416, 425, 426, 448, 452, 458, 459, 477, 478, 506, 507, 535, 538, 611, 613, 689, 738, 751, 798, 805, 843

  • Math Skills (sample problems), 15, 80, 174, 195, 295, 333, 346, 367, 415, 425, 448, 458, 477, 506, 535, 615

  • Math Skills Handbook, 876–884

  • Problem Bank, 904–905

• matter, 5, 6, 36–97

  • changes in, 51, 56–58

  • chemical properties, 54–58

  • classifying, 38–44

    ---

    End ofPage 947

Table of Contents