• Hahn, Otto, 309, 313

• hail, 764

• half-life, 299–300, 301, 306, 312, 734

• halite, 669

• Hall, Charles, 178

• halocarbons, 272, 273

• halogens (Group 7A), 144

  • molecules of, 166

• hardness, 47, 668

• hearing, 517

• heart, 251

• heat, 474, 479–481

  • conduction, 479–480

  • convection, 480–481

  • conversions of. See

  • thermodynamics.

  • flow of, 474, 482, 490, 492

  • measuring changes in, 478

  • uses of, 486–492

  • waste, 483

  • work and, 474

• heat conductors, comparing 46

• heat engines, 483, 486–488

  • external combustion

  • engine, 486

  • hybrid cars, 487–488

  • internal combustion

  • engine, 487

• heat exchanger, 271

• heating systems, 489–490

• heat of fusion, 86

• heat of solution, 232

• heat of vaporization, 88

• heat pumps, 490

• heat sink, 615

• heavy water, 112

• heliocentric model of solar

  • system, 795

• helium, 70, 72, 145

  • on the moon, 806

  • in Saturn, 813

• Helmholtz, Hermann von, 832

• hemispheres, 884, 885

• hemoglobin, 147, 218, 268, 280

• Héroult, Paul, 178

• Herschel, William, 539, 540, 814

• hertz (Hz), 504

• Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 842

• Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R)

  • diagram, 842–843

• Hess, Harry, 678

• heterogeneous mixture, 41

• highlands, lunar, 801

• high-pressure systems, 768–769

• Hill, Lynn, 670

• Hillary, Edmund, 746, 748

• Himalayas, 683, 782

• history. See Science and History.

• HIV testing, 253

• homogeneous mixture, 42

• hoodoos, 709

• Hoover Dam, 463

• horns, 720

• horsepower, 416

• hot-air balloons, 82–83

• hot spot in Earth's crust, 693

• hot-spot volcanoes, 695

• hot-water heating, 489

• Hubble, Edwin, 856

• Hubble's constant, 857

• Hubble's law, 856–857

• Hubble Space Telescope, 794

• humidity, 760–761

  • relative, 760, 792

• hurricanes, 771, 772–773

• Hutton, James, 661, 680

• hybrid automobiles, 488

• hydraulic action, 728

• hydraulic systems, 395

• hydrazine, 194

• hydrocarbons, 264–269

  • fossil fuels, 267–271, 281, 462, 466

  • saturated, 264

  • substituted, 272–274

  • unsaturated, 266

• hydrochloric acid, 199, 240, 241, 245, 254

• hydroelectric energy, 463

• hydrogen

  • atomic structure in, 110, 131

  • as essential element, 146, 147

  • as fuel, 139, 464

  • isotopes of, 112, 315

  • molecular models, 166

  • in periodic table, 139

  • melting and boiling points, 47

  • reaction with chlorine, 168

• hydrogen bonding, 169

• hydrogen carbonate, 251

• hydrogen chloride, 168, 230, 241, 248

• hydrogen fuel cell, 608

• hydronium ions, 241, 245, 246

• hydrothermal vents (smokers), 731

• hydroxide ions, 248, 273

• hypothesis, 8–9

• ice ages, 782

• icebergs, 84, 708

• ice cores, 781

• Iceland spar, 669

• ideal mechanical advantage (IMA), 423, 425

  • of inclined plane, 430

  • of lever, 428

  • of pulleys, 432

  • of screws, 430

  • of wedges, 430

  • of wheel and axle, 430

• igneous rocks, 670–671, 696

• image(s), 547

  • real, 572

  • virtual, 571, 573, 576

• impermeable rocks, 707

• incandescent light, 558, 559

• incidence, angle of, 570

• incident ray of light, 575

• inclined plane, 427, 430, 431

• incomplete combustion, 268

• index fossils, 733

• index of refraction, 574–575

• indicators, 241, 243, 254–255

• induction, 603

  • electromagnetic, 642

• Industrial Revolution, 422–423

• inertia, 364–365, 381, 382, 792

  • mass and, 369

• infrared radiation, 540, 543, 556–557

• inner ear, 517

• inorganic substance, 665

• input arm, of lever, 428

• input distance, 419

• input force, 419

• instantaneous acceleration, 348

• instantaneous speed, 334

• insulators

  • electrical, 605

  • thermal, 480

• integrated circuits, 183, 622

• intensity

  • of electromagnetic waves, 538

  • sound, 515

• interference, 510–511

• internal combustion engine, 487

• International Space Station, 798, 811

• Internet links, See Go Online.

• intrusive rock, 671

• inverse proportion, 23–24

• iodine, 36, 144, 147

  • molecules of, 166

• iodine-131, 299, 306

• Io (moon), 816

• ionic bonds, 159, 160–164

  • electron configurations and, 158

  • electron transfer and, 159

  • formation of, 160–161

  • ionization energy and, 161

• ionic compounds, 161–164, 171–174

  • binary, 171

  • dissociation of, 229

  • writing formulas for, 173, 174

• ionization, 230

  • and lightning, 603

  • of molecular compounds, 230

  • by nuclear radiation, 296

• ionization energy, 161

• ionosphere, 750, 751

• ions, 159, 160

  • formation of, 159–160

  • hydronium, 241, 245, 246

  • hydroxide, 248, 273

  • metal, 172, 605

  • polyatomic, 172, 173

  • size of, 160

• iridium, 681

• iris, 589

• iron, 19, 58, 110

  • as essential element, 147

  • as ferromagnetic material, 633

  • rusting of, 142

  • in steel, 180

• irregular galaxies, 852

• isobar, 776, 777

• isobutane, 265

• isomers, 265

• isotherm, 777

• isotopes, 112

  • atomic mass and, 134

  • of chlorine, 134

  • radioisotopes, 293

• Issues in Science, 59, 281, 302, 513, 579, 608, 718, 806

  ---

  End ofPage 946

Table of Contents