kinetic theory of, 9, 71–72, 73

physical properties, 37, 45–51

states of, 66–93

Maxwell, James Clerk, 582

Mayans, 794

meanders, 715, 716

measurement, 14–21, 869

• accuracy of, 19

• precision in, 18, 19

• scientific notation, 14–15

• significant figures, 19

• SI units of, 16–18

• of temperature, 20

mechanical advantage, 421–425, 428–433, 438–439

• actual, 422, 428–433

• calculating, 424–425

• friction and, 423

• ideal, 423–425, 428, 430, 432

mechanical energy, 450–451, 457–458

mechanical waves, 500–512

• amplitude of, 507

• diffraction of, 510

• energy in, 500

• frequency of, 504, 506

• interference, 510–511

• longitudinal, 502, 505, 507

• period of, 504

• reflection of, 508

• refraction of, 509

• standing, 512

• surface, 503

• transverse, 501, 505, 507

• wavelength of, 505, 506

• wave speed of, 505–506

mechanical weathering, 710

medicine

• fiber optics in, 586

• nuclear, 306–307

medium, 500

Meitner, Lise, 309

melting, 85, 86, 88

melting point, 47, 64, 85

• of gallium, 129

• of lauric acid, 93

• of naphthalene, 85

• of sodium, 140, 141, 177

• of tungsten, 176, 177

Mendeleev, Dmitri, 126, 127–129, 131

Mercalli scale, modified, 687

mercury (element), 39, 69, 73, 209

• dangers of, 21, 148

• density of, 71

• thermometers, 21, 71

Mercury (planet), 808–809, 818

mesosphere,

• in Earth's interior, 662

• in atmosphere, 750

Mesozoic Era, 736–737, 738

Messenger space probe, 809, 811

metal(s), 135–136, 138

• alkali, 140

• alkaline earth, 141

• alloys of, 178–181

• electrical conduction in, 605

• with multiple ions, 172

• properties of, 177

• reaction of acids with, 241

• structure of, 176–183

• thermal conduction in, 479

• transition, 136, 137, 172

metallic bonds, 176–177

metalloids, 136, 621

metallurgy, 178–179

metamorphic rocks, 674

meteorites, 821

meteoroids, 801, 819, 820–821

meteorologists, 774, 776

meteors, 453, 821

meter (m), 329

methane, 204, 267

• boiling point, 169

• greenhouse gas, 784

• reaction with chlorine, 272

methane hydrate, 267

methanoic (formic) acid, 273

methanol, 47, 273, 274

methyl acetate, 274

metric prefixes, 17–18

mica, 668, 669

Michelson, Albert, 534

micrometeoroids, 799

microprocessors, 614, 620

microscopes, 580, 584

• scanning tunneling, 111

microwaves, 542

middle ear, 517

mid-ocean ridge, 678, 730–731

milk, 43, 44, 57

Milky Way galaxy, 14, 852, 853, 854

minerals, 659, 664, 665–669, 896–897

• color of, 666

• compared to rocks, 659

• crystal structure of, 666, 671

• density of, 667

• fracture and cleavage of, 668

• hardness of, 668

• luster of, 667

• other properties of, 669

• streak in, 666

mirages, 548

mirrors, 570–573, 593

• concave, 572

• convex, 573

• plane, 570, 571

• in telescopes, 135, 581

Mississippi River, 707, 713

mixtures, 41–42

• alloys, 178–181

• heterogeneous, 41, 43, 44

• homogeneous, 42–43

• using physical properties to

• separate, 50

Mizar (star), 851

mobile phones, 542, 622

models, 6, 10, 869

• of atoms, 114

• labs using, 14, 128, 173, 196, 265, 300, 304, 316–317, 614, 687, 705, 739, 766, 797, 825

modem, 24

modified Mercalli scale, 687

Mohs hardness scale, 668

molarity, 239

molar mass, 196, 197

mole, 195–196

• conversion between mass

• and, 196, 197, 198

molecular compounds, 168–169, 174–175, 230

molecular formulas, 175

molecules, 166

• attraction between, 169

• diatomic, 166

• of elements, 166

• making models of, 173, 265

• nonpolar, 168, 169, 184–185

• polar, 168, 169

• of water, 88, 168, 169

mole ratios, 198

moment magnitude scale (Mw), 687

momentum, 374–377

• calculating, 375

• conservation of, 376–377

Mono Lake, California, 673

monomers, 275, 277

monsoons, 759

Moody, Paul, 422

Moon, Earth's 381, 796, 800–806

• development of, 806

• eclipses, 803–804

• formation of, 802

• gravity of, 369, 800, 805

• halo around, 774

• phases of, 802–803

• surface of, 800, 801

• tides on Earth and, 381, 805

• travel to 797–798

moon(s), 796, 808, 815, 828

• of Jupiter, 816

• of Neptune, 818

• of Pluto, 818

• of Saturn, 817

• of Uranus, 817

moraines, 721, 722

motherboard, 609

motion, 5, 326–353, 447

• acceleration, 342–348

• action-reaction forces and, 373

• airplane, 398–399

• displacement, 330–331

• distance, 329, 330, 335

• frame of reference for

• describing, 328–329

• graphing, 334, 346–348

• kinetic theory and, 72–74

• Newton's laws of, 363–373

• periodic, 504

• projectile, 362

• relative, 329

• uniform, 336

• velocity, 336–337

• work and, 413

motors, electric, 639

mountain building, 683

Mount Everest, 746

Mt. Kilauea, 692, 695

Mount Kilimanjaro, 780

Mount St. Helens, 690

mouth of river, 715

movable pulleys, 432, 433

MP3 technology, 519

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 640–641

mudflows, 712

mudstone, 672

multimeter, 607

muscles, ciliary, 589

music, 521